Table Of ContentE
NCYCLOPEDIA OF
THE ANTHROPOCENE
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E
NCYCLOPEDIA OF
THE ANTHROPOCENE
EDITORS IN CHIEF
DOMINICK A. DELLASALA
Geos Institute, Ashland, Oregon, United States
MICHAEL I. GOLDSTEIN
Surfbird Consulting, Juneau, Alaska, United States
VOLUME 1
GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND ENERGY
SCOTT ELIAS
University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DEDICATIONS
The Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene is dedicated to all those fighting for a healthy planet for this and future
generations with the intent of creating a world where the planet’s life support systems are sustainable.
WededicatethistothefirsthumanswhoemergedoutofAfrica,whoeventuallyusedtoolstobegintransform-
ingtheirenvironmentthatultimatelyledtothebrillianceofthehumancortexthatnowhasthecapacitytosolve
globalproblemswhenthewillingnesstochangeisfullyembraced.Wealsodedicatethistothenextcohort:Iara,
Lais,Janelle,Andrew,Jacob,Ella,Ariela,Benjamin,Surin,Bela,andco.
DominickDellaSala
MikeGoldstein
ScottElias
BruceJennings
TomLacher
PierreMineau
SanjayPyare
v
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1: GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND ENERGY
ListofContributors xi
ContentsofallVolumes xiii
EditorBiographies xxv
Introduction xxix
TheAnthropocene:HowtheGreatAccelerationIsTransformingthePlanetatUnprecedentedLevels 1
DADellaSala,MIGoldstein,SAElias,BJennings,TELacherJr.,PMineau,andSPyare
BasisforEstablishmentofGeologicEras,Periods,andEpochs 9
SAElias
Findinga“GoldenSpike”toMarktheAnthropocene 19
SAElias
ArgumentsforaformalGlobalBoundaryStratotypeSectionandPointfortheAnthropocene 29
JZalasiewiczandCNWaters
TheGeomorphologyoftheHumanAge 35
PTarolli,GSofia,andWenfangCAO
The1950sastheBeginningoftheAnthropocene 45
CLudwigandWSteffen
SedimentsoftheAnthropocene 57
AGałuszkaandZMMigaszewski
HistoricalOverviewoftheNaturalGasIndustry 63
CJCastaneda
Concrete:TheMostAbundantNovelRockTypeoftheAnthropocene 75
CNWatersandJZalasiewicz
HydrologyintheAnthropocene 87
PBridgewater,EGuarino,andRMThompson
FluxesofTraceMetalsonaGlobalScale 93
RJThorne,JMPacyna,KSundseth,andEGPacyna
ImpactsofAnthropoceneFossilFuelCombustiononAtmosphericIronSupplytotheOcean 103
AWSchroth
GreatlyIncreasedCO 115
2
SAElias
AnthropogenicSoilsastheMarker 129
GCertiniandRScalenghe
PlasticsintheOcean 133
SAElias
vii
viii ContentsofVolume1:GeologicHistoryandEnergy
EvidenceinPolarIceRecords 151
EWWolff
HumanlyModifiedGround 157
MEdgeworth
PlasticsandtheAnthropocene 163
PLCorcoran,KJazvac,andABallent
TheAnthropocene—APotentialStratigraphicDefinitionBasedonBlackCarbon,Char,andSootRecords 171
YMHan,ZSAn,andJJCao
MagneticParticulatesasMarkersofFossilFuelBurning 179
MWHounslow
SpheroidalCarbonaceousFlyAshParticlesintheAnthropocene 189
NLRose
IsotopicSignatures 197
JRDean,MJLeng,andAWMackay
GeochemicalRecordsinSpeleothems 205
IJFairchild
ChemicalSignalsoftheAnthropocene 213
AGałuszkaandZMMigaszewski
TheEvidenceforHumanAgencyintheLatePleistoceneMegafaunalExtinctions 219
GHaynes
Editor'sNote 227
SAElias
IncreasedAcidityofOceanWaters 233
SAElias
LossofCoralReefs 245
SAElias
Earth'sSixthMassExtinctionEvent 259
TPievani
Paleoclimatology 265
SAElias
RewildingthePleistoceneFauna 277
SAElias
DevelopmentofCoal-FiredSteamTechnologyinBritain 285
MWhitmore
RiseofAirlineTransportationAfterWWII 307
MWhitmore
EnvironmentalEffectsofTerrestrialOilSpills 323
AJernelöv
RiseinMotorizedTransportationandWeaponsintheWorldWars 337
MWhitmore
SustainableEnergyDevelopment;TheRoleofGeothermalPower 357
BDavidsdottir
EnvironmentalIssuesAssociatedwithEnergyTechnologiesandNaturalResourceUtilization 381
VRibé
CityPlanningandEnergyUse 385
HParkandCAndrews
ContentsofVolume1:GeologicHistoryandEnergy ix
EnergyUseinFoodSystem 397
CDutilh,HBlonk,andALinnemann
IntroductiontoRenewableEnergy 405
ENehrenheim
WindFarms 407
ELPetersenandPHMadsen
IndustrialEnergyUse,StatusandTrends 421
EWorrell
EnvironmentalChangeandEnergy 431
IGSimmons
EnergyandNaturalResources 441
ENehrenheim
CombustiontoConcentrationtoWarming:WhatDoClimateTargetsMeanforEmissions?
ClimateChangeandtheGlobalCarbonCycle 443
ASDenning
OverviewArticlefortheGeologicHistorySection 453
SAElias
ClimateChangeandEnergy 457
SAElias
MetricsforGreenhouseGasEquivalence 467
IGEnting
GreenhouseGasEmissionsfromEnergySystems,Comparison,andOverview 473
CBauer,KTreyer,THeck,andSHirschberg
WaterConflictCaseStudy–Ethiopia'sGrandRenaissanceDam:TurningfromConflicttoCooperation 485
JCVeilleux
ThinningCombinedWithBiomassEnergyProductionImpactsFire-AdaptedForestsinWestern
UnitedStatesandMayIncreaseGreenhouseGasEmissions 491
DADellaSalaandMKoopman