Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods

990 Pages·2015·42.074 MB·English

by  W. Jack Rink, Jeroen W. Thompson (eds.)

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ENCYCLOPEDIA of
SCIENTIFIC DATING
METHODS
Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENTIFIC DATING METHODS
Volume Editors
WilliamJackRinkisProfessorofEarthSciencesatMcMasterUniversity,Hamilton,Ontario,Canada.HehasaB.Sc.andPh.D.inGeologyfrom
FloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,Florida,USA.Hisresearchencompassesbothfundamentalstudiesofradiationexposuredatingmethodsand
applicationsofelectronspinresonance,uraniumseriesdating,andluminescencedatingofarchaeologicalsitesintheMiddleEast,Asia,Europe,
Africa,SouthAmerica,andNorthAmericaandgeochronologyofnearshoreandancientcoastalgeomorphologicfeatures.Hewaselectedtothe
NewYorkCityExplorer’sClubin2005.
Jeroen W. Thompson is Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences at McMaster
University.HeholdsaB.Sc.inPhysicsandaB.Sc.inAnthropology(MichiganStateUniversity)aswellasanM.Sc.inPhysics(Universityof
Connecticut) andaPh.D. inMedical Physics andApplied RadiationSciences (McMaster University). Hisresearch is highly interdisciplinary,
including diverse applications of radiation dosimetry and detection that span laboratory and fieldwork. In particular, he has applied electron
paramagneticresonanceandopticallystimulatedluminescencedosimetrybothforensicdosimetryandgeochronology.Dr.Thompsoniscurrently
aresearchmanagementconsultant,withspecificfocusonradiationandenvironmentalsciences.
Associate Editors Editorial Board
LarryM.Heaman RobertA.Creaser,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,Canada
DepartmentofEarthandAtmosphericSciences
UniversityofAlberta DonDavis,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
Edmonton,AB,Canada
GeoffreyA.T.Duller,AberystwythUniversity,Aberystwyth,UK
A.J.TimothyJull
NSF-ArizonaAMSLaboratory JohnGosse,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,NS,Canada
UniversityofArizona
Tucson,AZ,USA SimonY.W.Ho,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,NSW,Australia
JamesB.Paces JamesK.W.Lee,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
U.S.GeologicalSurvey MacquarieUniversity,Sydney,NSW,Australia
DenverFederalCenter
Denver,CO,USA
Josep M. Pares, National Research Center on Human Evolution,
Burgos,Spain
PeterW.Reiners,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ,USA
RossStevenson,UniversityofQuebec,Montreal,QB,Canada
JohnF.Wehmiller,UniversityofDelaware,Newark,DE,USA
Aims of the Series
TheEncyclopediaofEarthSciencesSeriesprovidescomprehensiveandauthoritativecoverageofallthemainareasintheEarthSciences.Eachvolume
comprisesafocusedandcarefullychosencollectionofcontributionsfromleadingnamesinthesubject,withcopiousillustrationsandreferencelists.
Thesebooksrepresentoneoftheworld’sleadingresourcesfortheEarthSciencescommunity.Previousvolumesarebeingupdatedandnew
works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists,
climatologists,andoceanographersaswellasforteachersandstudents.Gotohttp://link.springer.comtovisittheEncyclopediaofEarthSciences
Seriesonline.
About the Series Editor
ProfessorCharlesW.Finklhaseditedand/orcontributedtomorethaneightvolumesintheEncyclopediaofEarthSciencesSeries.Forthepast
25years,hehasbeentheExecutiveDirectoroftheCoastalEducationandResearchFoundationandEditor-in-ChiefoftheinternationalJournalof
CoastalResearch.Inadditiontotheseduties,heisProfessoratFloridaAtlanticUniversityinBocaRaton,Florida,USA.Heisagraduateofthe
UniversityofWesternAustralia(Perth)andpreviouslyworkedforawhollyownedAustraliansubsidiaryoftheInternationalNickelCompanyof
Canada(INCO).Duringhiscareer,heacquiredfieldexperienceinAustralia,theCaribbean,SouthAmerica,SWPacificIslands,SouthernAfrica,
WesternEurope,andthePacificNorthwest,Midwest,andSoutheastUSA.
Founding Series Editor
ProfessorRhodesW.Fairbridge(deceased)haseditedmorethan24encyclopediasintheEarthSciencesSeries.Duringhiscareer,hehasworked
asapetroleumgeologistintheMiddleEast,beenaWorldWarIIintelligenceofficerintheSWPacific,andledexpeditionstotheSahara,Arctic
Canada,ArcticScandinavia,Brazil,andNewGuinea.HewasEmeritusProfessorofGeologyatColumbiaUniversityandwasaffiliatedwiththe
GoddardInstituteforSpaceStudies.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
SCIENTIFIC DATING
METHODS
edited by
W. JACK RINK
JEROEN W. THOMPSON
McMaster University, Canada
with Associate Editors
LARRY M. HEAMAN
University of Alberta, Edmonton
A. J. TIMOTHY JULL
University of Arizona, Tucson
JAMES B. PACES
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015935943
ISBN:978-94-007-6303-6
Thispublicationisavailablealsoas:
ElectronicpublicationunderISBN978-94-007-6304-3and
PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978-94-007-6306-7
SpringerDordrecht,Heidelberg,NewYork,London
Printedonacid-freepaper
Coverphoto:Redonyx.istockPhoto10492317©Missing35mm–iStock
Everyefforthasbeenmadetocontactthecopyrightholdersofthefiguresandtableswhichhavebeenreproduced
fromothersources.Anyonewhohasnotbeenproperlycreditedisrequestedtocontactthepublishers,sothatdue
acknowledgementmaybemadeinsubsequenteditions.
AllrightsreservedforthecontributionsAminoAcidRacemization,Eolianites;Biostratigraphy;ClaysandGlauconites
(K-Ar/Ar-Ar);GeneSequencing;GroundwaterDatingwithAtmosphericHalogenatedCompounds;Hydrocarbons/
Rhenium-Osmium(Re-Os):Organic-richSedimentaryRocks;IsuaSupracrustalBelt,WestGreenland:Geochronology;
LuminescenceDating,ShellRichDeposits;Potassium-Argon(Argon-Argon),StructuralFabrics;RadiocarbonDating
ofTerrestrialCarbonates;UraniumSeries,Opal;UraniumSeries,RatesofBasalticMeltGenerationandTransport;
UraniumSeries,VolcanicRocks;Uranium-LeadDating,Opal;Uranium-Lead,DetritalZircon
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2015
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthe
Publisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedona
computersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
Contents
Contributors xi AminoAcidRacemization,FluvialandLacustrine
Sediments(AAR) 40
Preface xxvii JohnF.Wehmiller
Acknowledgments xxix
AminoAcidRacemization,MarineSediments 44
AcastaGneissComplex 1 DarrellKaufman
SamuelBowring,TomChacko,LarryM.Heaman
andJesseReimink AminoAcidRacemization,Paleoclimate 47
MatthewCollinsandBeatriceDemarchi
AcceleratorMassSpectrometry 3
AncientInks:AForensicArtHistoricalPerspective 48
A.J.TimothyJullandGeorgeS.Burr
HowellG.M.Edwards
AgeoftheEarth 6
Apatite 53
PeterBarryandLarryTaylor
W.JackRink
AlphaSpectroscopy 7
AquiferCharacteristics(U-Series) 54
JeroenW.Thompson
DonPorcelli
AlpineTerranes(K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 7 Ar–ArandK–ArDating 58
JanR.Wijbrans
JamesK.W.Lee
AminoAcid 12
ArchaeomagneticDating 73
JohnF.Wehmiller
CathyBatt
AminoAcidRacemizationDating 13 BandStructure 81
BeatriceDemarchiandMatthewCollins JeroenW.Thompson
AminoAcidRacemization,Biostratigraphy 26 BetaCounter 82
MatthewKosnik JeroenW.Thompson
AminoAcidRacemization,CoastalSediments 28 BigBang 82
JohnF.Wehmiller GaryR.Huss
AminoAcidRacemization,Eolianites 35 Biostratigraphy 83
ColinV.Murray-Wallace Marie-PierreAubry
vi CONTENTS
BivalveSclerochronology 108 Dendrochronology,FireRegimes 204
DonnaM.SurgeandBerndR.Schöne PeterM.Brown
BombCarbon 115 Dendrochronology,Progress 207
GeorgeS.Burr LaiaAndreu-HaylesandCarolineLeland
Bones(U-Series) 120 Dendrochronology,SurficialProcesses 213
AlistairW.G.Pike MarkusStoffel,JuanA.Ballesteros-Cnovasand
ChristopheCorona
14CinPlantMacrofossils 127
Dendrochronology,VolcanicEruptions 221
ChristineHatte´andA.J.TimothyJull
FrancoBiondi
Carbonates,Lacustrine(U-Series) 132
EarlyLifeonEarth 229
MordechaiStein
DavidWacey
Carbonates,MarineCarbonates(U-Series) 136
ElectronSpinResonance(ESR)DatingofCoral 234
ClaudineH.Stirling
GerhardSchellmannandUlrichRadtke
Carbonates,Pedogenic(U-Series) 141
ElectronSpinResonance(ESR)DatingofFossil
WarrenD.Sharp
ToothEnamel 239
MathieuDuval
Carbonates,SpeleothemArchaeological(U-Series) 144
DirkHoffmann
ElectronSpinResonance(ESR)Dating,
GeneralPrinciples 246
Carbonates,SpeleothemClimatic(U-Series) 147
AnneSkinner
DavidA.Richards
ElectronSpinResonanceSpectrometer 255
ChemicalWeathering(U-Series) 152 JeroenW.Thompson
AnthonyDosseto
EnvironmentalReleases 256
Chert 169 RobertMorrison
L.PaulKnauth
Exhumation(Thermochronology) 261
Chromatography 170 PietervanderBeek
JohnF.Wehmiller
ExtraterrestrialMaterials(K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 264
ClaysandGlauconites(K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 171 TimothySwindle
HorstZwingmann
FaultZone(Thermochronology) 269
BenvanderPluijmandChrisHall
ContinentalDrift(Paleomagnetism) 177
TrondH.Torsvik,PavelV.Doubrovineand
Faults(U-Series) 274
MathewDomeier
PerachNuriel
Corals(Sclerochronology) 187
Feldspar,Infrared-StimulatedLuminescence 279
KristineL.DeLong
MayankJain
CrustalSulfideMinerals(Re–Os) 191 Feldspars 284
RobertA.Creaser MichelLamothe
Dendrochronology,Dwellings 197 FissionTrackDatingandThermochronology 285
StephenE.Nash AndrewJ.W.GleadowandChristianSeiler
Dendrochronology,Entomology 202 GeneSequencing 297
BarryCooke JessicaA.Thomas
CONTENTS vii
Geomagnetism 298 Lu–HfDating:TheLu–HfIsotopeSystem 379
VadimA.Kravchinsky JeffVervoort
GlacialLandscape(CosmogenicNuclide) 301 LuminescenceDating 390
JoergM.Schaefer GeoffreyA.T.Duller
GroundwaterDatingwithAtmospheric LuminescenceDatingofArchaeological
HalogenatedCompounds 308 Sediments 404
KarlB.HaaseandEurybiadesBusenberg JamesFeathers
HistoricalDevelopmentofDatingMethods 319 LuminescenceDating,Deep-SeaMarineand
JamesM.Mattinson Lacustrine 409
HelenM.Roberts
HominidEvolutionTimescale 329
AntoineBalzeau LuminescenceDating,DoseRates 414
GuillaumeGue´rin
Hydrocarbons/Rhenium–Osmium(Re–Os):
Organic-RichSedimentaryRocks 330 LuminescenceDating,History 417
DavidSelby,VivienM.Cumming, LudwigZöllerandGüntherA.Wagner
AlanD.RooneyandAlexanderJ.Finlay
LuminescenceDating,Instrumentation 422
HydrothermalOres(Thermochronology) 334 KristinaJørkovThomsen
Istva´nMa´rton
LuminescenceDating,Loess 425
IceCores 341 HelenM.Roberts
AndersSvensson
LuminescenceDating,Meteorites 430
ImpactGlass(FissionTracks) 348 DerekW.G.Sears
GiulioBigazziandMariaLauraBalestrieri
LuminescenceDating,Shell-RichDeposits 431
IndexFossil 353 RobertHendricksandAlexHodson
PeterHarries
LuminescenceDating,Single-GrainDose
IsuaSupracrustalBelt,WestGreenland: Distribution 435
Geochronology 354 RichardG.RobertsandZenobiaJacobs
VickieC.BennettandAllenP.Nutman
LuminescenceDating,Uncertaintiesand
JackHillsZircon 359 AgeRange 440
SimonA.Wilde JakobWallingaandAlastairC.Cunningham
Kimberlites(K–Ar/Ar–Ar) 361
Luminescence,BiogenicCarbonates 445
DavidPhillips
GeoffreyA.T.Duller
LacustrineEnvironments(14C) 365
Luminescence,CoastalSediments 446
SusanZimmermanandAmyMyrbo
BarbaraMauz
LaserAblationInductivelyCoupledMass
Luminescence,ColluvialSediments 450
Spectrometer(LAICP-MS) 371
AndreasLang
PaulSylvester
Lichenometry 372 Luminescence,DesertDunes 452
WilliamB.Bull MattTelfer
Lucy 378 Luminescence,EarthquakeandTectonicActivity 456
WilliamH.Kimbel MortezaFattahi
viii CONTENTS
Luminescence,FlintsandStones 460 Meteorites(Lu–Hf) 555
DanielRichter AudreyBouvier
Luminescence,FluvialSediments 465 Meteorites(U–Pb) 559
AmandaKeen-Zebert YuriAmelin
Luminescence,GeomorphologicalProcesses 470 Meteorites,Rubidium–Strontium,and
StephenTooth Samarium–NeodymiumChronology 562
LarsBorg
Luminescence,GlacialSediments 475
GeoffreyA.T.Duller Minerals(40Ar–39Ar) 569
SimonKelley,ClareWarrenand
Luminescence,MartianSediments 478
CamillaWilkinson
ReginaDeWitt
ModelAges(Sm–Nd) 573
Luminescence,PotteryandBricks 481
AlanP.Dickin
IanBailiff
MolecularClockCalibration 576
Luminescence,RockSurfaces 485
RachelWarnock
RezaSohbati
MolecularClocks 583
Luminescence,Soils 489
SimonY.W.Ho
ArjunM.Heimsath
MolecularClocks,HumanEvolution 588
Luminescence,VolcanicRocks 493
SimonY.W.HoandPhillipEndicott
SumikoTsukamoto
MagneticAnomalies 497 MolecularClocks,RelaxedVariant 591
SimonY.W.Ho
RoiGranot
MagneticChronology 500 MolecularDatingofEvolutionaryEvents 593
ManuelCalvo-Rathert DavidDucheneandLindellBromham
Magnetometer 507 MolecularRateVariation(MolecularClocks) 596
VicenteSolerJavaloyes RobertLanfear
MagnetostratigraphicDating 507 Molluscs,Foraminifera,andOther
MiguelGarces CarbonateFossils 597
BonnieA.B.Blackwell
MarineIsotopeStratigraphy 517
GalenP.Halverson NeutronActivationAnalysis 607
RonHancock
MarineVarves 528
KonradA.Hughen NobleGasMassSpectrometer 608
LeahE.Morgan
MassSpectrometry 533
JamesB.Paces,DominiqueWeisand ObsidianHydrationDating 609
TrevorR.Ireland IoannisLiritzis
MetamorphicTerranes(K–Ar/40Ar/39Ar) 542 Paleosol 625
JanR.Wijbrans GaryE.Stinchcomb
Meteoric10Be 547 210PbDating 626
JaneWillenbring PeterW.Swarzenski
Meteorites(36Cl) 548 Peat(14C) 632
KeesWelten PhilippaAscough
CONTENTS ix
PlanetarySurfaces(CrateringRate) 636 SeaLevelChange(U-Series) 727
StephanieC.WernerandWolfUweReimold ChristinaGallup
PolymeraseChainReactionDNAAmplification 641 SeawaterSrCurve 733
MartynaMolak GalenP.HalversonandLucieHubert-The´ou
Potassium–Argon(Argon–Argon),Structural SecondaryIonMassSpectrometry(SIMS) 739
Fabrics 642 TrevorR.Ireland
MichaelA.Cosca
SedimentMixingRate,210Pband234Th 740
Quartz 649
JosephM.Smoak
PeterJ.Heaney
Sediment,ESR 743
QuartzDefects,OpticallyStimulated
HeleneTissoux
LuminescenceandThermoluminescence 650
MarcoMartini
SedimentaryRocks(Rb-SrGeochronology) 748
TodWaight
RadiationDefect 657
JeroenW.Thompson
Sediments,Terrestrial(Paleomagnetism) 752
WoutKrijgsmanandGillianTurner
RadiationDoseRate 658
GrzegorzAdamiec
Single-CrystalLaserFusion 760
JamesK.W.Lee
RadiationandRadioactivity 660
ReginaDeWitt
SkeletalRemains(14C) 763
GregoryW.L.Hodgins
RadioactiveDecayConstants:AReview 666
W.JackRinkandLarryM.Heaman
Sm–NdDating 768
RichardW.Carlson
RadiocarbonDating 669
A.J.TimothyJullandGeorgeS.Burr
StellarChronology 780
TrevorR.Ireland
RadiocarbonDatingofMarineCarbonates 676
QuanHua
Tephrochronology 783
DavidJ.LoweandBrentAlloway
RadiocarbonDatingofTerrestrialCarbonates 680
JeffreyS.Pigati
TerrestrialCosmogenicNuclideDating 799
JohnGosseandJeffKlein
Radioluminescence(RL) 685
TobiasLauer
ThermalIonizationMassSpectrometer(TIMS) 813
Rb–SrDating 686 RolandMundil
OliverNebel
Thermochronology,DetritalZircon 814
Rb–SrGeochronology(IgneousRocks) 698 JohnI.Garver
TodWaight
Thermochronology,LandformEvolution 818
Rhenium–OsmiumDating(Meteorites) 703 ThibaudSimon-Labric
RichardJ.Walker
Thermochronology,Meteorites 824
Rhenium–OsmiumGeochronology:Sulfides, KyoungwonMin
Shales,Oils,andMantle 707
HollySteinandJudithHannah TsunamigenicSediments 827
GloriaI.López
Rubidium–StrontiumDating,Hydrothermal
Events 723 UjaraalukUnit(NuvvuagittuqGreenstoneBelt) 833
Shu’nichiNakai JonathanO’Neil