Encyclopedia of RF and Microwave Engineering: 6 Volume Set

5949 Pages·2005·88.669 MB·English

by  Kai Chang (editor)

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
RF AND MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING
VOLUME 1
Kai Chang, Editor
TheEncyclopediaofRFandMicrowaveEngineeringisavailableonlineat
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/erfme
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
RF AND MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING
VOLUME 2
Kai Chang, Editor
TheEncyclopediaofRFandMicrowaveEngineeringisavailableonlineat
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/erfme
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
RF AND MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING
VOLUME 3
Kai Chang, Editor
TheEncyclopediaofRFandMicrowaveEngineeringisavailableonlineat
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/erfme
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
RF AND MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING
VOLUME 4
Kai Chang, Editor
TheEncyclopediaofRFandMicrowaveEngineeringisavailableonlineat
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/erfme
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
RF AND MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING
VOLUME 5
Kai Chang, Editor
TheEncyclopediaofRFandMicrowaveEngineeringisavailableonlineat
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/erfme
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
RF AND MICROWAVE
ENGINEERING
VOLUME 6
Kai Chang, Editor
TheEncyclopediaofRFandMicrowaveEngineeringisavailableonlineat
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/erfme
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Copyrightr2005byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
WileyencyclopediaofRFandmicrowaveengineering,6VolumeSet/Kai
Chang,editor-in-chief.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-471-27053-9(cloth)
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems–Encyclopedias.2.Radio
circuits–Encyclopedias.3.Microwavecircuits–Encyclopedias. I.Chang,
Kai,1948-
TK5103.2.W5352005
621.382–dc22
2004024581
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
PREFACE
TherehasbeenrapiddevelopmentinRFand microwave RFTransmitters
technologies during the past decade. RF and microwave RFReceivers
wirelessapplicationshavebeenandcontinuetobeamong RFSystems
thehottestgrowthareas.Someoftheexpandingactivities MicrowavePassiveComponentsandDevices
in these fields include wireless communications (mobile, MicrowaveActiveComponentsandDevices
cellular, and satellite), wireless sensors, local area net- MicrowaveSemiconductorDevicesandProcessing
works, remote control and identification, global position- MicrowaveHybridandMonolithicIntegratedCircuits
ing systems (GPS), and intelligent highway and vehicle MicrowaveAntennas
systems (IHVS). In view of these growing applications, it MicrowaveTransmitters
is timely to publish this Encyclopedia of RF and Micro- MicrowaveReceivers
waveEngineering. MicrowaveSuperconductors
TheEncyclopediaisintendedtoserveasacompendium MicrowaveSystems
of theory, design methods, applications, overview, and Millimeter-waveandSubmillimeter-waveTechnologies
future trends of technologies. Each article is a self-con- RFandMicrowaveMeasurements
tained unit and is written for both non-specialists and RFandMicrowavePropagation
specialists. Some overlap among articles is allowed for RFandMicrowavePhotonics
easystudy.ItishopedthatthisEncyclopediawillprovide CADTechniquesandModeling
useful information for technicians, students, professors, ModulationandDemodulationTechniques
engineers, managers, and researchers in today’s rapidly PackagingandInterconnects
changinghigh-frequencytechnologies. FrequencySynthesizers
The Encyclopedia consists of six volumes. The articles SignalandBasebandProcessing
include an overview of each subject, followed by in-depth Solid-stateDevices
descriptions of important theory, technology develop- SemiconductorMaterials
ments, and applications. Each article includes a list of HighPowerTubes
references for further study. Some articles are adapted Noise
from the Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics En- LowPowerElectronics
gineering. Most of these articles have been revised and RadarSystems
updated.Amongthemajortopicsarethefollowing: CommunicationSystems
Electromagnetics NavigationSystems
NumericalMethods RadioTechnologies
WavePropagation RemoteSensing
TransmissionLines Broadcasting
TransmissionLineDiscontinuities The Editor would like to thank Cassie Craig of Wiley
RFCircuits formanagingthisproject,andGeorgeTeleckiofWileyfor
RFComponentsandDevices his constant encouragement and support. The Editor
RFTechnology wouldalsoliketothankallofthemembersoftheEditorial
RFIntegratedCircuits Boardfortheirsuggestionsandadvice.
RFCMOSTechnology KaiChang
RFAntennas CollegeStation,Texas
v
CONTRIBUTORS
VALENTINE A. AALO, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, CONSTANTINE A. BALANIS, Arizona State University, Tempe,
Florida,DigitalRadio Arizona,AntennaParameters;CircularWaveguides
MUHAMMAD TAHER ABUELMA’ATTI, King Fahd University of PETER BALLING, ASC, Antenna Systems Consultant, ApS,
PetroleumandMinerals,Dhahran,SaudiArabia,Intermodu- Taastrup,Denmark,MultibeamAntennas
lationMeasurement
RAJEEVBANSAL,UniversityofConnecticut,Storrs,Connecticut,
SABUROADACHI,TohokuInstituteofTechnology,Sendai,Japan, SubmarineAntennas
ConicalAntennas
JAMES BAO-YEN TSUI, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio,
ARLON T. ADAMS, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, MicrowaveReceivers
HelicalAntennas
BRUNO BARELAUD, University of Limoges, Limoges Cedex,
ILESANMIADESIDA,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana–Champaign, France, Active Filters: Tools and Techniques for Active-Filter
GalliumNitrideforElectronics Design
R. S. ADVE, Research Associates for Defense Conversion Inc., R. M. BARRIO-GARRIDO, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,
StriplineComponents StriplineComponents
M. AGETHEN, Innovative Processing AG (IPAG), Duisburg, Ger- R.BARTNIKAS,IREQ/InstitutdeRecherched’Hydro-Que´bec,Di-
many,Noise,High-Frequency electricMeasurement
VOLKAN AKAN, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey, B.BAYARD,JeanMonnetUniversity,St.Etienne,France,Ferrite
ConformalMappingTechniques Isolators
IGORALEXEFF,TheUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,Tennessee, GERARDBEAUDIN,ObservatoiredeParis—Meudon,Millimeter-
DirectiveAntennas WaveMeasurement
M. ALI, University of South Carolina, Columbia, Miniaturized BENJAMIN BEKER, University of South Carolina, Columbia,
Packaged(Embedded)AntennasforPortableWirelessDevices SouthCarolina,BoundaryValueProblems
F. ALIMENTI, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, Waveguide GERALDBENDIXEN,RockwellCollins,Inc.,RadioNavigation
Discontinuities
O. BENDOV, Dielectric Communications, Television and FM
JEREMY E. ALLNUTT, Virginia Tech/Northern Virginia Center, BroadcastingAntennas
Falls Church, Virginia, Refraction and Attenuation in Tropo-
sphere MATTHEW BENNETT, Army Research Laboratory, Radar Equip-
ment
PLINIOR.G.ALVES,UniversityofBrasilia,Brasilia,DF,Brazil,
AntennaAccessories JENNIFER T. BERNHARD, University of Illinois at Urbana—
Champaign,Urbana,Illinois,ReconfigurableAntennas
W.A.ANDERSON,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo,Thin
FilmResistors R.M.BERTENBURG,InnovativeProcessingAG(IPAG),Duisburg,
Germany,Noise,High-Frequency
ILTCHOANGELOV,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,Frequency
ConvertersandMixers PRAKASH BHARTIA, Natel Engineering Co., Inc., Chatsworth,
California,HybridsandCouplers;StripTransmissionLines
JAUME ANGUERA, Fractus S.A., Barcelona, Spain, Fractal
ShapedAntennas:AReview ASOKEK.BHATTACHARYYA,LincolnUniversity,LinearAntennas
RODOLFO ARANEO, University of Rome ‘‘La Sapienza,’’ Rome, MAREK E. BIALKOWSKI, University of Queensland (Australia)
Italy,ElectromagneticShielding and National University of Singapore, Power Combiners and
Dividers
ANA GARCI´A ARMADA, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Ma-
drid,Spain,WirelessCommunicationsSystems JENS BIEGERT, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New
Mexico,PulseCompression
F.ARNDT,UniversityofBremen,Germany,HybridCADTechni-
ques;Mode-MatchingMethods MARIO BIEY, Politecnico di Torino, Frequency-Domain Circuit
Analysis
S. ASHOK, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania,SchottkyBarriers S.BILA,IRCOM,Limoges,France,DielectricResonatorFilters
KAZUHIKO ATSUKI, University of Electro-Communications, Mi- LAURENT BILLONNET, University of Limoges, Limoges, Cedex,
crostripLines France, Active Filters: Overview of Active-Filter Structures;
ActiveFilters:ToolsandTechniquesforActive-FilterDesign
OSAMA O. AWADELKARIM, The Pennsylvania State University,
UniversityPark,Pennsylvania,SmartMaterials TREVORS.BIRD,CSIRO,Sydney,Australia,AntennaFeeds
AYDIN AYKAN, Tutzing, Germany, Calibration of Circular Loop GEORGEL.BLEHER,IndividualConsultants,RadiationMonitor-
Antenna ing
EZEKIELBAHAR,UniversityofNebraska—Lincoln,Lincoln,Ne- PETER HARING BOLIVAR, Institut fuer Halbleitertechnik II,
braska, Radar Remote Sensing of Irregular Stratified Media Aachen University, Germany, Terahertz Science, Engineering
withMultiple-ScaleFeatures andSystems—fromSpacetoEarthApplications
INDER J. BAHL, M/A-COM,Inc., Roanoke, Virginia,Monolithic DONALD M. BOLLE, Polytechnic University, Microwave Inte-
MicrowaveIntegratedCircuits(MMICs) gratedCircuits
D.BAILLARGEAT,IRCOM,Limoges,France,DielectricResonator CARMENBORJA,FractusS.A.,Barcelona,Spain,FractalShaped
Filters Antennas:AReview
JAMESR.BAKER–JARVIS,U.S.DepartmentofCommerceBoulder RENATO G. BOSISIO, E´cole Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec,
Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, Electromagnetic Ferrite Tile Canada, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK); Six-Port
Absorber Networks
vii