Table Of ContentEOR2.tpgsV15 4/1/05 11:25 AM Page 1
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
RELIGION
SE C O N D E D I T I O N
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E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
RELIGION
SE C O N D E D I T I O N
15
APPENDIX LINDSAY JONES
• EDITOR IN CHIEF
SYNOPTIC
OUTLINE
•
INDEX
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Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition
Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief
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Encyclopedia of religion / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief.— 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865733-0 (SET HARDCOVER : ALK. PAPER) —
ISBN 0-02-865734-9 (V. 1) — ISBN 0-02-865735-7 (v. 2) —
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1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY,
1954-
BL31.E46 2005
200’.3—dc22 2004017052
This title is also available as an e-book.
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E D I T O R S A N D C O N S U L T A N T S
EDITOR IN CHIEF Program in Religious Studies, SIGMA ANKRAVA
LINDSAY JONES University of Wisconsin—Madison Professor, Department of Literary and
Associate Professor, Department of Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern
CHARLES H. LONG
Comparative Studies, Ohio State Professor of History of Religions, Languages, University of Latvia
Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion
University Emeritus, and Former Director of
Research Center for Black Studies, DIANE APOSTOLOS-CAPPADONA
BOARD MEMBERS University of California, Santa Barbara Center for Muslim–Christian
DAVÍD CARRASCO Understanding and Liberal Studies
MARY N. MACDONALD
Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of Program, Georgetown University
Professor, History of Religions, Le
Art and Religion
Latin America, Divinity School and
Moyne College (Syracuse, New York)
Department of Anthropology, Harvard DIANE BELL
DALE B. MARTIN
University Professor of Anthropology and Women’s
Professor of Religious Studies, and
Studies, George Washington University
GIOVANNI CASADIO Chair, Department of Religious
Australian Indigenous Religions
Professor of History of Religions, Studies, Yale University
KEES W. BOLLE
Dipartimento di Scienze
AZIM NANJI
Professor Emeritus of History,
dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi
Professor and Director, The Institute
University of California, Los Angeles,
di Salerno
of Ismaili Studies, London
and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for
WENDY DONIGER JACOB OLUPONA Advanced Studies in the Humanities
Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor, African American and and Social Sciences
Professor of the History of Religions, African Studies Program, University History of Religions
University of Chicago of California, Davis MARK CSIKSZENTMIHALYI
GARY L. EBERSOLE MICHAEL SWARTZ Associate Professor in the Department
of East Asian Languages and
Professor of History and Religious Professor of Hebrew and Religious
Literature and the Program in
Studies, and Director, UMKC Center Studies, Ohio State University
Religious Studies, University of
for Religious Studies, University of INÉS TALAMANTEZ
Wisconsin—Madison
Missouri—Kansas City Associate Professor, Religious Studies
Chinese Religions
Department, University of California,
JANET GYATSO
RICHARD A. GARDNER
Santa Barbara
Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies,
Faculty of Comparative Culture,
The Divinity School, Harvard
Sophia University
CONSULTANTS
University Humor and Religion
GREGORY D. ALLES
CHARLES HALLISEY
Associate Professor of Religious Studies, JOHN A. GRIM
Associate Professor, Department of McDaniel College Professor of Religion, Bucknell
Languages and Cultures of Asia and Study of Religion University and Co-Coordinator,
v
eorel_fmv15 2/22/05 2:06 PM Page vi
vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS
Harvard Forum on Religion and TED PETERS Religion, University of Chicago
Ecology Professor of Systematic Theology, Law and Religion
Ecology and Religion Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary
TOD SWANSON
and the Center for Theology and the
JOSEPH HARRIS
Associate Professor of Religious Studies,
Natural Sciences at the Graduate
Francis Lee Higginson Professor of
and Director, Center for Latin
Theological Union, Berkeley,
English Literature and Professor of
American Studies, Arizona State
California
Folklore, Harvard University
University
Science and Religion
Germanic Religions
South American Religions
FRANK E. REYNOLDS
URSULA KING
MARY EVELYN TUCKER
Professor of the History of Religions
Professor Emerita, Senior Research
Professor of Religion, Bucknell
and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity
Fellow and Associate Member of the
University, Founder and Coordinator,
School and the Department of South
Institute for Advanced Studies,
Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard Forum on Religion and
University of Bristol, England, and
Emeritus, University of Chicago Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard
Professorial Research Associate, Centre
History of Religions Yenching Institute, Research Associate,
for Gender and Religions Research,
Harvard Reischauer Institute of
School of Oriental and African GONZALO RUBIO
Studies, University of London Assistant Professor, Department of Japanese Studies
Gender and Religion Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Ecology and Religion
DAVID MORGAN Studies and Department of History HUGH B. URBAN
Duesenberg Professor of Christianity and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania Associate Professor, Department of
and the Arts, and State University Comparative Studies, Ohio State
Ancient Near Eastern Religions
Professor of Humanities and Art
University
History, Valparaiso University SUSAN SERED Politics and Religion
Color Inserts and Essays Director of Research, Religion, Health
CATHERINE WESSINGER
JOSEPH F. NAGY and Healing Initiative, Center for the
Professor of the History of Religions
Professor, Department of English, Study of World Religions, Harvard
and Women’s Studies, Loyola
University of California, Los Angeles University, and Senior Research
University New Orleans
Celtic Religion Associate, Center for Women’s Health
New Religious Movements
and Human Rights, Suffolk University
MATTHEW OJO
Healing, Medicine, and Religion ROBERT A. YELLE
Obafemi Awolowo University
Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University
African Religions LAWRENCE E. SULLIVAN
Professor, Department of Theology, of Toronto
JUHA PENTIKÄINEN
Law and Religion
University of Notre Dame
Professor of Comparative Religion, The
History of Religions
ERIC ZIOLKOWSKI
University of Helsinki, Member of
Academia Scientiarum Fennica, WINNIFRED FALLERS SULLIVAN Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious
Finland Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer Studies, Lafayette College
Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions in the Anthropology and Sociology of Literature and Religion
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
Abbreviations and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10019
Synoptic Outline of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10093
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10133
vii
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A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D S Y M B O L S
U S E D I N T H I S W O R K
abbr. abbreviated; abbreviation 3 Bar. 3 Baruch 2 Chr. 2 Chronicles
abr. abridged; abridgment 4 Bar. 4 Baruch Ch. Slav. Church Slavic
AD anno Domini, in the year of the B.B. BavaD batraD cm centimeters
(our) Lord BBC British Broadcasting col. column (pl., cols.)
Afrik. Afrikaans Corporation Col. Colossians
AH anno Hegirae, in the year of the BC before Christ Colo. Colorado
Hijrah BCE before the common era comp. compiler (pl., comps.)
Akk. Akkadian B.D. Bachelor of Divinity Conn. Connecticut
Ala. Alabama Beits. Beitsah cont. continued
Alb. Albanian Bekh. Bekhorot Copt. Coptic
Am. Amos Beng. Bengali 1 Cor. 1 Corinthians
AM ante meridiem, before noon Ber. Berakhot 2 Cor. 2 Corinthians
amend. amended; amendment Berb. Berber corr. corrected
annot. annotated; annotation Bik. Bikkurim C.S.P. Congregatio Sancti Pauli,
Ap. Apocalypse bk. book (pl., bks.) Congregation of Saint Paul
Apn. Apocryphon B.M. BavaD metsi EaD (Paulists)
app. appendix BP before the present d. died
Arab. Arabic B.Q. BavaD qammaD D Deuteronomic (source of the
EArakh. EArakhin Bra¯h. Bra¯hman. a Pentateuch)
Aram. Aramaic Bret. Breton Dan. Danish
Ariz. Arizona B.T. Babylonian Talmud D.B. Divinitatis Baccalaureus,
Ark. Arkansas Bulg. Bulgarian Bachelor of Divinity
Arm. Armenian Burm. Burmese D.C. District of Columbia
art. article (pl., arts.) c. circa, about, approximately D.D. Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of
AS Anglo-Saxon Calif. California Divinity
Asm. Mos. Assumption of Moses Can. Canaanite Del. Delaware
Assyr. Assyrian Catal. Catalan Dem. DemaDi
A.S.S.R. Autonomous Soviet Socialist CE of the common era dim. diminutive
Republic Celt. Celtic diss. dissertation
Av. Avestan cf. confer, compare Dn. Daniel
EA.Z. EAvodah zarah Chald. Chaldean D.Phil. Doctor of Philosophy
b. born chap. chapter (pl., chaps.) Dt. Deuteronomy
Bab. Babylonian Chin. Chinese Du. Dutch
Ban. Bantu C.H.M. Community of the Holy E Elohist (source of the Pentateuch)
1 Bar. 1 Baruch Myrrhbearers Eccl. Ecclesiastes
2 Bar. 2 Baruch 1 Chr. 1 Chronicles ed. editor (pl., eds.); edition; edited by
ix
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x ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
EEduy. Eduyyot Hung. Hungarian Lith. Lithuanian
e.g. exempli gratia, for example ibid. ibidem, in the same place (as the Lk. Luke
Egyp. Egyptian one immediately preceding) LL Late Latin
1 En. 1 Enoch Icel. Icelandic LL.D. Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws
2 En. 2 Enoch i.e. id est, that is Lv. Leviticus
3 En. 3 Enoch IE Indo-European m meters
Eng. English Ill. Illinois m. masculine
enl. enlarged Ind. Indiana M.A. Master of Arts
Eph. Ephesians intro. introduction Ma Eas. MaEaserot
EEruv. EEruvin Ir. Gael. Irish Gaelic Ma Eas. Sh. MaE aser sheni
1 Esd. 1 Esdras Iran. Iranian Mak. Makkot
2 Esd. 2 Esdras Is. Isaiah Makh. Makhshirin
3 Esd. 3 Esdras Ital. Italian Mal. Malachi
4 Esd. 4 Esdras J Yahvist (source of the Pentateuch) Mar. Marathi
esp. especially Jas. James Mass. Massachusetts
Est. Estonian Jav. Javanese 1 Mc. 1 Maccabees
Est. Esther Jb. Job 2 Mc. 2 Maccabees
et al. et alii, and others Jdt. Judith 3 Mc. 3 Maccabees
etc. et cetera, and so forth Jer. Jeremiah 4 Mc. 4 Maccabees
Eth. Ethiopic Jgs. Judges Md. Maryland
EV English version Jl. Joel M.D. Medicinae Doctor, Doctor of
Ex. Exodus Jn. John Medicine
exp. expanded 1 Jn. 1 John ME Middle English
Ez. Ezekiel 2 Jn. 2 John Meg. Megillah
Ezr. Ezra 3 Jn. 3 John Me Eil. Me Eilah
2 Ezr. 2 Ezra Jon. Jonah Men. Menah. ot
4 Ezr. 4 Ezra Jos. Joshua MHG Middle High German
f. feminine; and following (pl., ff.) Jpn. Japanese mi. miles
fasc. fascicle (pl., fascs.) JPS Jewish Publication Society trans- Mi. Micah
fig. figure (pl., figs.) lation (1985) of the Hebrew Bible Mich. Michigan
Finn. Finnish J.T. Jerusalem Talmud Mid. Middot
fl. floruit, flourished Jub. Jubilees Minn. Minnesota
Fla. Florida Kans. Kansas Miq. MiqvaDot
Fr. French Kel. Kelim MIran. Middle Iranian
frag. fragment Ker. Keritot Miss. Mississippi
ft. feet Ket. Ketubbot Mk. Mark
Ga. Georgia 1 Kgs. 1 Kings Mo. Missouri
Gal. Galatians 2 Kgs. 2 Kings MoEed Q. MoEed qa.tan
Gaul. Gaulish Khois. Khoisan Mont. Montana
Ger. German Kil. Kil Dayim MPers. Middle Persian
Git. . Gi.t.tin km kilometers MS. manuscriptum, manuscript (pl.,
Gn. Genesis Kor. Korean MSS)
Gr. Greek Ky. Kentucky Mt. Matthew
H. ag. H. agigah l. line (pl., ll.) MT Masoretic text
H. al. H. allah La. Louisiana n. note
Hau. Hausa Lam. Lamentations Na. Nahum
Hb. Habakkuk Lat. Latin Nah. Nahuatl
Heb. Hebrew Latv. Latvian Naz. Nazir
Heb. Hebrews L. en Th. Licencié en Théologie, N.B. nota bene, take careful note
Hg. Haggai Licentiate in Theology N.C. North Carolina
Hitt. Hittite L. ès L. Licencié ès Lettres, Licentiate n.d. no date
Hor. Horayot in Literature N.Dak. North Dakota
Hos. Hosea Let. Jer. Letter of Jeremiah NEB New English Bible
H. ul. H. ullin lit. literally Nebr. Nebraska
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
