Encyclopedia of public international law / 7 History of International Law, Foundations and Principles of International Law, Sources of International Law, Law of Treaties: Instalment 7

566 Pages·1984·6.84 MB·English

by  Rudolf Bernhardt

EDITORICAOLM MITTEE
RudoDlofl zDerri.,u rSJ...,D (H.a rvard)
RobeEr.Ht o llwJe.gD(,U. n iofvM .i chigan)
JonatSh.Ia gannr sMk.iA,(. C antBaabr.r)i,s ter
PetMearc alistBer.-A(S.eKm nitPt)hh,., (D B.i rmingham)
AnnR ustemMe.yAe(r.O, x oDni.p).,(L Uinbio.fv N ..S .W.)
AnnMe. T rebilJc.oD(cB.ke ,r keley)
Alfred-MdaeZu aryiaJcs.e,D( H.a rvDarrp.dh )i(,! U.n iofvG .o ttingen)
EDITORIAASLS ISTANCE
RobeCr.t LBan.eAM,.. ,A (.C arleton)
CharJlT.eu sri pnM,. A(.C antSaobl.i)c,i tor
Thaer tiictnlh eEisns c yclospheodubilecad i t(eudn til pouftb hlfiein caalt ieaodcnic toirodni)n g
tot hfeo llowing example:
H.-SJc.h locAhrabuietrr,ia ntR:i.B o enr,n h(aerddE.tn) c,y cloopfPe udbilIain ct ernational
LawI,n sta1l( m1e9n8pt1. 1) 3,.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
PUBLICI NTERNATIONAL LAW
PUBLISHED UNTDHEERA USPICEOSF THE
MAX PLANCK INSTIFTOURTC EO MPARATIVE
PUBLILCA W AND INTERNATIONLAALW
UNDERT HED IRECTIOONF
RUDOLFB ERNHARDT
ADVISORBYO ARD
RUDOLLF. B INSDCHEDLE·TR H OMABSU ERGENTH·AK LA RLD OEHRING
JOCHEANB RF.R OWEI·N U GNTHERJ AENCIKE· H ERBERT MIEHSLER
HERMANMNO SLER·F RITMZU NCH· D ANIEPL. O'CONtN ELL
KARLJ OSEFP ARTSC·PHI ERRPEE SCATO·R HEENRYG .S CHERMERS
ULRICSHC HEUNEt ·RH AN-SUJRGENS CHLOCHAU·EMRA XS 0RESNENt
HELMUTS TREBEL
7
HISTORYO F INTERNATIONALLA W · FOUNDATIONSA ND
PRINCIPLOEFS INTERNATIONALLA W· SOURCESO F
INTERNATIONALLA W· LAW OF TREATIES
I
1984
NORTH-HOLLAND
AMSTERDAM NEW YORK OXFORD
· ·
© ELSEVIER SCIENCE PBU.BV-L.91I 8S4H ERS
Alrli grhetssee drN.vo p arotft hpiusb licmaatybi eor ne produceidn, resatt roireevda l
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ISBN044 :4 86223 8
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THEN ETHERLANDS
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Library of ConresgsC atalino Pugbilnigc Daattiao n
Maienn turnyd teirt le:
Encycloopfpe udbiilani tce rnlaatwi.o nal
Issuiend parts.
Includes index.
1.I nternlaat-wiD oincatli onaries.
I.B ernhRaurddot1l,9f 2,5 -
11M.a x-Plancfkii-rI nstitut
auslandoiffsecnhtelRsie cchhets
unVdo lkcehr(rtHe eideGlebremragn,y )
JX1226.ES3 4013' :81-939
AACR2
PRINTEIDNT HE NETHERLANDS
INTRODUCTORNYO TE
Thsee veinntsht aolftm heEenn tc ycloopfPe udbiIlani tce rnLaatwci oonnta1al0i a2nr st icles
devotteotd h hei stoofir nyt ernlaatwai,not dno ta hlfe o undaptriionncsi,p sloeusro cfae nsd
internlaatAwis.io pnnr aelv iinosutsa lamretniwtchsli,rec eshl taomt oer teh aonns eu bjaerceta
ariecn ludietndh m eo satp propriaTtheu tsvh,oee ln utemrneyt. i WtalrLe,ad w osfH ,i stcoarny
bef ouinnId n sta4lw mheindcteh a wlistt hhu es oeff oracnetd,h hei stooftr hlyea owft hsee a
wiblelt reaitnIe nds tal1m1Se.in mti ltahreeln yto,rn yt hLee agoufNe atiiosfn osu nd in
Insta5l,wm heenirtbte e longtsh oewt ihaterhrt iocnil netse rnoartgiaonniaizlnag t einoenrsal
anudn iveirnstaelr noartgiaotnniiaozlna s.
Thed iviosfit ohaner tiicnlcdelesuhd e ruen dtehre Htiisttlooefr yt he NLaatwi oonfs
presenteadn udvn auireqpi rooubsl teowm hsi,tc hhse o luatdioopnit asep dp arfernotmthl ei st
ofe ntroinpe .isx t ,ht ea bolfce o ntaepnptesa ornpi .1n 2ga6 n tdh seu bdivpirsiinaotttne hsde
heaodfe acahr tiScelvees.rp aelc ialized histthoeroiiwrcsn ae lp aesrnuatbtrjieietn ech sti ss have
instaflomerex natm,Ap ilxe- la-CChoanpgerolef(ls 1es8,a 1 n8Wd)e stphaloifa( ,14 68PI)en.a ce
additoifco onu,rm saen,ay r titchlreosu gthhoEeun tc yclohpaevades i eac tionw idteha ling
histodreivceallo pimnte hnpeta sr tiacruelaa rc oncerned.
Tof aciltihutesa oetf te h Een cyclotpwekodi inaod,fcs r oss-reafreuers eeAndrc.re osw ­
markcerdo ss-reifnte hraeer ntcitechsle emss erlevfteeoosr t heenrt raineadsr ,ge e nerally
inserattt ehdefi rsrte levpaoniitn nta na rti(c.elgTe.h ec aswea ss ubmittott ehde
InternCaotuiorofJtn u aslt Fiocoret )ht.eo rp fiocwrsh iacs he paernattmreiy g bheet x pected
�
buwth iacrhde i scueslsseedwo hrue nrdeae h re aidnwgh idcohen soi tm medisautgegiletyss te lf,
thtei otftl hete o paipcp eiatnrh sae l phabseetqiuceoanfalc r et iclaec sr owsist-hrt eotf heer ence
artiwchleierie tds i scu(s.esgIe.NdQ UIRsYe eF atc-FinadniIdnn ugqi ry).
Att heen odfe acihn statlhmeeirnasetn u pdaltieosdfat r tifcotlrhe eesn tEinrcey clopedia.
Artiwchliehcsah v e aalprpeeaadhryae vaden umbienbr r acikdeetnst tihfieyn isntga ilnm ent
whitchhe mya yb ef onud.
Them anuscfroitrph itinsss tawlemrefienn ta liinzee adr1 l9y8 4.
LISTO F ENTRIES
AbusoefR igh(tAlse xanCd.Kr ies .s ). . . . . . . . . 1
Acquies(cJeOPnracgueM l i ilalneTdrh omCaost tier) 5
Aix-la-Chapeolfl( 8e11,)8 ( SCtoenpgVhreaernso ss ta) 7
AlgecCiornafse r(e91n0c6(e)Ho rBslto meyretre-nBsatein) 8
AmeriCciavWnia lr( PeteMra lanczuk) . . . . . . . 11
BalaonfPc oew e(rAl frVeadg atnsDd e tlVeavg ts) 13
BalkWaanr( s91 12/1(9Fr1iM3tu)zn ch) 15
BerCloinng r(e1s8s(7 Fr8i)Mt uzn ch) 18
BerWleisnAt f riCcoan fer(e1n481c/88e85 ()Fr iMtuzn ch) 21
Clausruelbsaui ssc t ant(GiebourSsgc hwarzenberger) 22
CodeofsC ondu(Ecrtn st-UPlertsiemcrahn .n ) . . . 28
CodificoafIt nitoenr nLaatwi( oSnhaaRblot saie nne) 34
Comi(tPeyt eMra calSimsitte.hr )- 41
Concor(dHeartisbF erratKn ozc k) 44
ConferoefAn mcbeass sa(dHoorrBsslt o meyretre-nBsatein) 48
Conse(nErsiuSksu y). . . . . . . . . . . . .4 9. . . . . . . .
ContrbaecttwsIe netne rnOartgiaonniazlaa ntdi oPnrLsia vwPa etres( oGenosr ges
vaHne cke.) . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..5 2 .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .
ContrbaecttwsSe etnaa tneFdso rePirginv LaatwPe e rs(oGenosr gveasHn e cke) 54
CrimeWaanr( TheodSocrh ieder) 59
CustomIanrtye rnLaatwi( RoundaoBlle fr nhardt) 61
Declar(aCatrilo-nA Fulgeusits ch.ha.u.e.r. ) . 67
Deposi(tJaurStytt oal l) 68
Effecti(vKeanDreolse sh ring) 70
EquiitnIy n tetrinoLanaawl( M .VJ.a nis) 74
EstoppePla uM(luJ lolraegnr Td h omCaost tier) 78
ExecuAtgirveee m(eLunztisWu isl dhaber) 81
FashIondcai (dKeanrtl PaJrotsse.cfh .). 86
FrankPfeuarTctre e a(t81y7 1(T)h eodSocrh ieder) 87
GenePrrailn coifLp alwe( Hse rmaMnons ler) 89
GentleAmgerne'esm (eWinltf Friieeddl er) 105
GooFda i(tAnht hoDn'yA mat.o.) . . . 107
.
LISOTF E NTRIES
x
Guara(neGtoereRg ees s) 109
GuaraTnrteeae(t ieGeosrR ge ss) 171
HistRoirgih(ctYe sh udZa.B lum) 120
Histooftr hyLe a wo fN ations
BasQiuce stainoPdnr si nc(iWopllfegsPa rnegi ser) 126
AnciTeinmtet soW orlWda rI
InG eneral
AnciTeinmtet so1 468( WolfgParnegi ser) 132
1468t o1 81(5S tepVhearno s.ta.). .. . 160
181t5oW orlWda rI( Hans-USlcruipcihn ) 179
RegioDneavle lopments
Afri(Tc.aO.E lia.s ). 205
FaEra s(tS hiMgieykaiz aki) 215
Isl(aAhmm eSd.E lK-osheri) 222
LatAimne ri(Acnat onTirouy yoS le rra) 231
SouatnhSd o uEtahs-Ats i(aNa genSdirnag h) 237
WorlWda rIt oW orlWda rI I(W ilhGel.Gm r ewe) 252
SinWcoer lWda rI I(O ttKoi mmihn) ic 262
HolAyl li(aSntceep Vhearno s.t a) 273
Interdep(eKnadZreelnm caen ek) 275
InternLaatwi( oSRnioarbl e Yr.Jt e nnings) 278
ItnernatLiaowDn,oa clt rainnde ScohfTo hoolusgi hntt h Tew entCieentthu ry
(HenrJy.S t ei.n e.r ). . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 7 . . . .
InetrnatlLi eognCaaolm mun(Hietrym aMnons l.e r). . . . . . 309
InternOartgiiaoznnaatlIi mopnlsPi,oe wde (rMasn frZeudl eeg) 312
InternPautbilOoirncda (elGru nthJeare ni.c ke.) . . . 341
ItnerpreitnIa nttieornn Laatwi( RoundaoBlle fr nhardt) 318
Jucso ge(nJso cAhbernF. r owe.i n). . . 327
LocaTrrneoa (t1i9e)2(s 5W ernMeorr vay) 330
MethodoolfIo ngtye rnLaatwi( CohnrailsD toimaicnne i) 334
MonrDooec tr(iPenteeM ra lanczuk) 339
NatuLraaw(l J oPsuee nEtgei d.o ). 344
NewS taatneIdsn ternLaatwi( oMincahlSa cehlw eitzer) 349
NonB-indAignrge enmt(esF trzMi iin.c h). . . . . . . . 353
LISOTF E NTRIES xi
Non-InterPvreinntcoiif(op Menli,en hSacrhdr oder) 358
NulliinIt nyt ernLaatwi( oJnoaclh en Abr. Frowein) 361
Pacstuans te rva(nMadnaf rLeadc hs) 364
Pactduecm o ntrahpeanctdduoenm, e goti(aUlnrdiBoce hy erlin) 371
ParPiesa Tcree a(t1y8 (5Th6e)o dSocrh ieder) 376
PeaceCfhualn(W giel heGl.Gm r ewe) 378
Posit(iRovbiesrmAt goo ). . . . . . . 385
Pream(bHalnes -DiTerterviicrha nus) 393
Proces-(vHaenrsb-aDli Terterviicrha nus) 394
Proport(iJoonsatl iDteyl briick) 396
Recipr(oBrcuinStoiy m ma.) . 400
RegioInnatle rnLaatwi( oDineatlrS icchhi ndler) 404
ReinsuTrraenabcteeyt wGeeernm aannRydu ss(i1a8( 8H7a)nJ si-irSgcehnl ochau4e0r9)
SeFiu jvi.Ci aii for(nAninaMe . T rebilc.o c.k ). . . 411
Self-ExTerceuaPttriyon vgi (sAliboenBrslt e ckmann) 414
SociCaolnicsetp otfIi notnesr nLaatwi( TohneaoldS ocrh weisfurth) 417
SourocfIe nst ernLaatwi( oRincaclaM rodnoa co) 424
SpanCiisvhWi alr( Alfred-MdaeZu aryiacse) 434
Statquuso(W ilheG.lG mr ewe.) . . . . . . 438
SubjoefcI tnst ernLaatwi( oHenramlaM nons ler) 442
Trea(tRuidesoB lefr nha.r d.t ). . . . . . . . . .4 59
TreatCioensc,l uasnido nE ntFroyr (ciShena tbotR aois enne) 464
TreatCioensfl,ib cettsw (eWeonl frKaamr .l ) . . . . . 467
TreatEiffeesoc,ftT erriCthoarnig(aEeclsk aKrlte in) 473
TreatEiffeesoc,ntT hird (SHatnaBsta elesli rch) 476
TreatMiuelst,i l(aLutzeirWuaisll dha.b er.) . . 480
TreaotfiF ersi endship,a nCNdoa mvmiegra(Dctieie otBnel ru menwitz) 484
TreatRieegsi,s tarnaPdtu ibolni c(aWitlihoeKnla mr l G.e ck) 490
TreatRieesse,r v(aRtuidooLnl.Bsf i ndschedler) 496
TreatRieevsi,s( iWiolnh eG.lG mr ewe) 499
TreatSieecsr(,eK taZ relm ane.k ). . . 505
TreatTieersm,i n(aMitcihoAanke elh urst) 507
TreatTieersr,i Atpoprliiacl(a MitcihoAanke elh urst) 510
xii LISOTF E NTRIES
TreatViaelsi(,dM ietiyn hSacrhdr oder) 511
UnequTarle a(tWieersnM eorr vay) 541
UnilaAtcetrisanI l n ternLaatiw(o WinlaflFr iieeddl er) 517
Vienna C(o81n1g5(rFr)ei sMtsuz n ch.). . . .. . . . . 522
VienCnoan venotnti hoLena wo fT rea(tSiheasRb otsaein ne) 525
Waiv(eArn nMe.T rebil.co.c.k). . ....... . . . 533
WestphPaelaiocafe(, 1 64(A8l)f rMeadu-rdiecZ ea yas) 536
WilsoFno'usr tPeoeinn( tAsnR nu steme.ye.r.) . . 539
Zollv(eGerremianCn u stoUmnsi o(nWe)r nMeern g) 542
LISTO F ABBREVIATIONS
ACHR AmeriCcoannv enotnHi uomna Rni ghts
AFDI AnnuaFirraen d�eaD irso Iintt ernational
AJCL AmeriJcoaunr onfCa olm parLaatwi ve
AJIL American oJfIo nutrenranlaL taiwo nal
AnnIDI Annuadielr 'eI nsdteDi rtouIitnt t ernational
AnnuDailg est AnnuDailg easntRd e poorftI sn ternPautbiloLinacawC l a ses
AustrYaIlLi anA ustrYaelairabnoo fIo nkt ernaLtaiwo nal
AVR ArchdieVvso lkerrechts
BILC BritIinsthe rnLataiwCo ansa(elCsP . a rreyd,. )
BYIL BritYiesahr BoofI onkt ernaLtaiwo nal
CahDroitEuCra hideeDr rs oEiutr opeen
CanYIL CanadYieaanr boofIo nkt ernaLtaiwo nal
CJEC CouorftJ ustoiftc heEe u ropCeoamnm unities
Clunet JourdnuDa rlo Iintt ernational
CMLR CommoMna rkLeatwR eports
CMLRev CommoMna rkLeatwR eview
ColJTransLC olumJboiuar onfTa rla nsnaLtaiwo nal
Come con CounfcoiMrlu tuEaclo noAmiidc
CTS ConsoliTdraetaSetedyr (iCeP.sa rry, ed.)
DepSttateBulDle partomfSe tnatBt uel letin
Dirlnt DiriItnttoe rnazionale
EC EuropCeoamnm unoirE tuyr opCeoamnm unities
ECHR EuropCeoannv enotnHi uomna Rni ghts
ECOSOC EconoamnidSco cCioauln ocfti hlUe n itNeadt ions
ECR Repoorftt shC eo uorftJ ustoiftc heEe u ropCeoamnm uni(tEiuerso ­
peaCno uRretp orts)
ECSC EuropCeoaaanln dSt eCeolm munity
EEC EuropEecaonn oCmoimcm unity
EFTA EuropFeraeTner aAdses ociation
ESA EuropSepaanAc gee ncy
ETS EuropTeraenaS teyr ies
EuR Europa-Recht
Eura tom EuropAetaonm Eince rCgoym munity
EurocontroElu ropOeragna nifzoatrth iSeoa nf oeftA yi Nra vigation
FAO Fooadn Adg ricuOlrtguarnei ozfat thUieno int Neadt ions
Fontes FontJeusrG iesn tium
GAOR GeneArsasle mObffilcyiR aelc ords
GATT GeneArgarle emoenTn atr iaffnsTd r ade
GYIL GermaYne arboofIo nkt ernaLtaiwo nal
HarvIarLdJ HarvIanrtde rnaLtaiwJo onuarln al
IAEA InternaAttioomEninacel r Aggye ncy
IATA InternaAtiTirro annaslAp sosrotc iation
IBRD InternaBtainfokon Rrae lc onstarnuDdce tvieolno pment
ICAO InternaCtiivAiovlni aaltO irogna nization
ICJ InternaCtoiuoorfntJ a uls tice
ICLQ InternaatnCidoo mnpaalr LaatwiQ vuea rterly
ICRC Internationaolft hCReoe mdCm riotstse e
LISOTFA BBRETVIIOANS
XIV
ICSID InternaCtenitofrnoeaSr le ttloefmI ennvte stDmiesnptu tes
IDA InternaDteivoenlaolpA msesnotc iation
IDI InstdieDt ruotIi ntt ernational
IFC InternaFtiinoaCnnoacrlep oration
ILA InternaLtaiwAo snsaolc iation
ILC InternaLtaiwCo onmamli ssion
ILM InternLaetgiMaoanlta elr ials
ILO InternaLtaibooOnurargl a nisation
ILR InternaLtaiwRo enpaolr ts
IMCO Inter-GoveMranrmietCniotmnaesl u lOtragtainviez ation
IMF InternaMtoinoentFaaulrn yd
IMO InternaMtairointOairlmg ea nization
IndiJaInL IndiJaonu ronfIa nlt ernaLtaiwo nal
IntLawyer InternaLtaiwoynearl
IntRel InternaRteiloantailo ns
Ita!YIL ItalYieaanr boofIo nkt ernaLtaiwo nal
JIR JahrbfuiiIcrnh t ernaRteicohnta les
LNTS LeagoufNe a tiTornesaS teyr ies
LoN LeagoufNe a tions
MartRe ns MartReencsu deeiT lr aites
MartRe2n s MartReencsu deeiT lr ai2tmeees d.,
Martens NMRa rtNeonusv eRaeuc udeeiT lr aites
MartNeSns MartNeonusv eSauup pleamuRe enctu deeiT lr aites
MartNeRnGs MartNeonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr aites
MartNeRnGs2 MartNeonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr ai2tmeeSs e,r ie
MartNeRnGs3 MartNeonusv eRaeuc uGeeinle dreaT lr ai3tmeeSs e,r ie
NATO NorAtthl aTnrteiacOt ryg anization
NedTIR NederlTainjddss vcohorIrin ftte rnaRteicohnta al
NILR NetherIlnatnedrsn aLtaiwRo envaile w
NordTIR NordTiisdks sfkorIrin ftte rnaRteito nal
OAS OrganiozfaA tmieorniS ctaant es
OAU OrganiozfaAt firoiUncn aint y
OECD OrganifsoaErtc ioonno Cmoi-co peraantDdie ovne lopment
PCIJ PermanCeonuotrf tI nternaJtuisotniacle
PolishYIL PoliYseha rboofIo nkt ernational Law
ProScIAL Proceeodfti hnAegm se riScoacni oefIt nyt ernLataiwo nal
RdC AcadedmeiD er oIintt ernaRteicoudneeaiCsllo , u rs
Res. Resolution
ReBve ige RevuBee idgeeD roIintt ernational
Rev Egypt RevuEeg yptideeDn rnoeIi ntt ernational
ReHve llen RevuHee llendieDq ruoeIi ntt ernational
RGDIP RevuGee nerdaeDl reo Iintt ernPautbiolniacl
RIAA RepoorfIt nst ernaAtriboiAntwaralar ld s
RiDvi Irn t RividsiDt iar iItnttoe rnazionale
SAIYL SouAtfhr iYceaanr boofIo nkt ernLataiwo nal
SchwJeIiRz SchweizeJraihsrcbfhuiieicrsnh t ernaRteicohnta les
SCOR SecurityO ffiCcoiRuaenlcc oirld s
SEATO South-AEsaiTsart e aOtryg anization
StruSpcph-lochSatureuSrpc,ph -locWhoaruteerr,db euVscO h! ker(r2encedhd t1.s9, 6 0/62)
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