Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of Psychology: 8 Volume Set
Alan E. Kazdin, PhD, Editor-in-Chief
4128 pages
Main Topics
Abortion American Board of Professional Artifact: Artifact in Assessment
Abreaction Psychology Artificial Intelligence
Academia Europaea American Educational Research Art Therapy
Academic Assessment-Intervention Link Association Asch, Solomon E.
Academic Assessment of Performance American Indian Psychology Asian American Psychology
Academic Intervention American Institutes for Research in the Assessment
Accidents Behavioral Sciences Association for Behavior Analysis
Ach, Narziss K. American Psychiatric Association Association for the Advancement of
Achievement Motivation American Psychological Association: Psychology
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome History Associationism
Action Research American Psychological Association: Asthma
Actuarial Prediction Structure Athletes
Addictive Personality American Psychological Association of Athletic Coaching
Adjective Checklist Graduate Students Attachment
Adler, Alfred American Psychological Foundation Attachment Theory
Adolescence: Puberty and Biological American Psychological Society Attention: An Overview
Maturation Amnesia Attention: Models of Attention
Adolescence: Social Patterns, Analysis of Counts Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Achievements, and Problems Analysis of Variance Attitudes: An Overview
Adolescence: Adolescent Thought Anastasi, Anne Attitudes: Attitude Structure
Processes Angell, James Rowland Attitudes: Attitude Change
Adoption Anger Attitudes: Attitude Measurement
Adulthood and Aging: Biological Anhedonia Attraction
Processes and Physical Development Animal Learning and Behavior: History Attribution Theories
Adulthood and Aging: Cognitive of the Field Auditory Impairment
Processes and Development Animal Learning and Behavior: Auditory Pattern Recognition
Adulthood and Aging: Personality Theoretical Issues Australia
Process and Development Animal Learning and Behavior: Methods Austria
Adulthood and Aging: Social Processes of Study Authoritarianism
and Development Anorexia Autistic Disorder
Aerospace Systems Anthropology Automaticity
Aesthetics Anthropometry Aversion Therapy
Affect Antianxiety Medication Aviation Psychology
Affective Universals Antidepressants Avoidance Learning
Affiliation Antipsychotic Medication Back-Translation
African American Psychology Antisocial Behavior Bacon, Francis
Ageism Antisocial Personality Disorder Bain, Alexander
Agency: An Overview Anxiety Baldwin, James Mark
Agency: Agency and Control Theory Anxiety Disorders Baltic Countries
Agnosias Aphasia Barker, Roger G.
Alcoholics Anonymous Applied Behavior Analysis Bartlett, Frederic C.
Alcoholism Apprenticeship Bayley, Nancy
Alienation Aptitude Tests Beach, Frank A.
Allocentrism-Idiocentrism Arab States: Egypt and the Arab States Beck Depression Inventory
Allport, Floyd Henry Arab States: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Beebe-Center, John Gilbert
Allport, Gordon Willard and Iraq Beers, Clifford Whittingham
Altered States of Consciousness Arab States: Saudi Arabia and Kuwait Behavioral Genetics
Alternative Dispute Resolution Arab States: Yemen, Oman, and Sudan Behavioral Teratology
Alternative Schools Archetypes Behavior Analysis
Altruism Archival Research Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism
Alzheimer's Disease Aristotle Behavior Therapy
American Association for the Arousal Békésy, Georg von
Advancement of Science Arthritis Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich
Artifact: Artifact in Research Belgium
Bender–Gestalt Visual Motor Test Cathexis Comparative Psychology
Bentley, Madison Cattell, James McKeen Competency
Benussi, Vittorio Cattell, Raymond B. Compliance
Bereavement Programs Center for Advanced Study in the Compromise Formation
Berkeley, George Behavioral Sciences Compulsive Gambling
Bernard, Claude Center for Epidemiologic Studies Computerized Assessment
Bias and Equivalence Depression Scale Computerized Psychotherapy
Bilingualism Charcot, Jean-Martin Computer Learning
Binet, Alfred Child Abuse and Neglect Comte, Auguste
Bingham, Walter Van Dyke Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Concepts: An Overview
Biofeedback Child Behavior Checklist Concepts: Structure
Biological Psychology Child Custody Concepts: Learning
Biomechanics and Kinematics Children's Eyewitness Testimony Concepts: Combinations
Bipolar Disorder China Conceptual Change
Biran, Maine de Christianity and Psychology Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de
Birth Order Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Conduct Disorder
Bisexuality Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Confidentiality
Bleuler, Eugen Circadian Rhythms: An Overview Conflict Resolution
Boas, Franz Circadian Rhythms: Circadian Rhythm Conformity
Body Image Disorders Connectionism
Bolivia Citizen Participation Consciousness and Unconsciousness:
Borderline Personality Disorder Claparède, Édouard An Overview
Boredom Clark, Kenneth Bancroft Consciousness and Unconsciousness:
Boring, Edwin Garrigues Classical Conditioning Processes
Bowlby, John Classrooms: Processes and Consciousness and Unconsciousness:
Braid, James Management Cross-Cultural Experience
Brain Classrooms: Technology Constructivism
Brain Development Client-Centered Therapy Constructivist Psychotherapy
Brain Imaging Techniques Clinical Geropsychology Construct Validity
Brain Injury and Recovery Clinical Psychology: History of the Field Consumerism of Psychological Services
Brainstorming Clinical Psychology: Theories Consumer Products Design
Brainwashing Clinical Psychology: Assessment Consumer Psychology
Brazil Clinical Psychology: Interventions Content Analysis
Brentano, Franz Cocaine Conversation
Brett, George S. Cognition Cook, Stuart W.
Breuer, Josef Cognitive Anthropology Coombs, Clyde H.
Bridgman, Percy Williams Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cooperation and Competition
Brief Therapy Cognitive Consistency Theories Coping
British Association for the Advancement Cognitive Dissonance Coronary Heart Disease
of Science Cognitive Electrophysiology Cost-Benefit Analysis
British Psychological Society Cognitive Maps Counseling Process and Outcome
Broadbent, Donald E. Cognitive Psychology: History of the Counseling Psychology: History of the
Broca, Paul Field Field
Bronfenbrenner, Urie Cognitive Psychology: Theories Counseling Psychology: Theories
Brown, Roger William Cognitive Psychology: Research Counseling Psychology: Assessments
Brunswik, Egon Methods and Interventions
Buccola, Gabriele Cognitive Science Society Counterfactual Thought
Bühler, Charlotte M. Cognitive Styles: Intelligence Countertransference
Bühler, Karl Cognitive Styles: Personality Couples Therapy
Bulimia Cognitive Therapy Covert Conditioning
Bullying Cognitive Understanding Levels Creativity: An Overview
Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook Cohort Effects Creativity: Research on the Processes
Burt, Cyril Lodowic Collectivism and Individualism of Creativity
Buytendijk, Frederik J. J. College Teaching and Learning Criminality
Bystander Phenomenon Colombia Criminal Responsibility
Calkins, Mary Whiton Color Vision Crisis Intervention
Campbell, Angus Combat Critical Psychiatry
Campbell, Donald Thomas Commitment Cross-Cultural Communication
Canada Community Ecology Cross-Cultural Counseling
Canadian Psychological Association Community Prevention and Intervention: Cross-Cultural Psychology: History of
Cancer Prevention with Young Children the Field
Cannon, Walter Bradford Community Prevention and Intervention: Cross-Cultural Psychology: Theories
Career: Career Choice Prevention with School-Aged Children and Methods of Study
Career: Career Development Community Prevention and Intervention: Cross-Cultural Test Adaptation
Career: Career Assessment Prevention with Adults Cross-Cultural Training
Career: Career Interventions Community Prevention and Intervention: Crowd Behavior
Career Counseling Prevention of Depression Crowding
Careers in Psychology Community Psychology: History of the Cults
Carmichael, Leonard Field Cultural Disintegration
Carr, Harvey A. Community Psychology: Theories Cultural Diversity
Case Law Community Psychology: Methods of Cultural Pluralism
Case Study Study Cultural Psychology
Category Accessibility Community Psychology: Prevention and Culture: Cultural Foundations of Human
Catharsis Intervention Behavior
Culture: Culture and Mental Health Domestic Violence Ethology
Culture: Culture and Development Donders, Franciscus Cornelis European Federation of Professional
Culture-Bound Disorders Down Syndrome Psychologists' Associations
Culture Shock Dreams: Physiology European Science Foundation
Cumulative Record Dreams: Theories and Research Evolutionary Psychology
Curiosity Dreams: Cross-Cultural Perspectives Exceptional Students
Curriculum Development Drever, James Excitement
Dallenbach, Karl M. Drive Exercise and Physical Activity
Darwin, Charles R. Driving and Highway Safety Exhibitionism
Dashiell, John Frederick Drug Abuse Existentialism
Data Analysis Drugs Expectancy Effects
Data Collection: Field Research Drugs and Intelligence Experiential Psychotherapy
Data Collection: Laboratory Research Duncker, Karl Experimental Neurosis
Day Care Dunlap, Knight Experimental Psychology
Daydreams Durkheim, Émile Expert Testimony
Day Treatment Dyslexia Exploratory Data Analysis
Deafness and Hearing Loss Early Childhood Extraversion and Introversion
Death and Dying Eastern Religions and Philosophies Eyewitness Testimony
Deception Eating Disorders Eysenck, Hans Jurgen
Decision Making Ebbinghaus, Hermann Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Defense Mechanisms Eclectic Psychotherapy Factor Analysis
Deindividuation Ecological Systems Theory False Memory
Deinstitutionalization Ecuador Family Psychology: History of the Field
Delboeuf, Joseph-Rémi-Léopold Educational Counseling Family Psychology: Theories of Family
Delgado, Honorio Educational Psychology Dynamics
Delinquency Educational Testing Service Family Psychology: Assessments and
Delusions Edwards, Jonathan Interventions
Demand Characteristics Ego Family Therapy
Depressants, Sedatives, and Hypnotics Ego Psychology Theory Family Violence
Depression Ehrenfels, Christian von Fantasy
Depth Perception Eidetic Imagery Fathering
Dermatological Disorders Elder Abuse and Neglect Fear and Terror
de Sanctis, Sante Elder Care Fechner, Gustav Theodor
Descartes, René Electroconvulsive Therapy Federation of Behavioral, Psychological,
Dessoir, Max Elementary Cognitive Tasks and Cognitive Sciences
Determinants of Intelligence: Heritability Elementary Education Feminism: Feminism and Philosophy
of Intelligence Ellis, Henry Havelock Feminism: Feminist Psychology
Determinants of Intelligence: Emotion: An Overview Feminism: Feminist Psychotherapy
Socialization of Intelligence Emotion: Theories Ferenczi, Sandor
Determinants of Intelligence: Culture Emotion: Methods of Study Fernberger, Samuel W.
and Intelligence Emotional Learning Ferrari, Giulio Cesare
Determinants of Intelligence: Schooling Empathic Accuracy Festinger, Leon
and Intelligence Empathy Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Determinants of Intelligence: Teaching Employee Assistance Programs Fetishism
of Intelligence Employee Training Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Determinants of Intelligence: Nutrition Employment Discrimination Field Dependence and Independence
and Intelligence Empowerment Field Study
Developmental Agenda Encopresis Field Theory
Developmental Disorders Endocrine Systems Finland
Developmental Psychology: History of Endorphins Fisher, Ronald Aylmer
the Field Endstage Renal Disease Five-Factor Model of Personality
Developmental Psychology: Theories Enemy Image Flanagan, John C.
Developmental Psychology: Research England Flooding
Methods Enuresis Flourens, Pierre
Developmental Science Environmental Design Research Flournoy, Théodore
Dewey, John Environmental Psychology Flow
Diabetes Epidemiology Focus Group
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Epilepsy Forensic Psychology
Mental Disorders Epistemology Forgetting
Dieting Epistemology of Practice Foster Care
Differential Aging Erikson, Erik H. Fraisse, Paul
Differential Psychology Estes, William Kaye France
Direct Observation Ethics: An Overview Frankl, Viktor Emil
Discipline Ethics: Ethics in Research Franz, Shepherd Ivory
Discrimination Ethics: Ethics in Practice Frenkel-Brunswik, Else
Disruptive Behavior Disorders Ethics: Ethics in Publication Freud, Anna
Dissociative Disorders Ethnic and Racial Identity: Ethnic Freud, Sigmund
Dissociative Identity Disorder Identity Friendship
Divorce Ethnic and Racial Identity: Racial Fromm, Erich
Dix, Dorothea Lynde Identity Fromm-Reichmann, Frieda
Doctoral Degree Ethnocentrism Frontal Lobe Disorders
Doctor of Psychology Degree Ethnocultural Psychotherapy Functionalism
Doctor-Patient Relationship Ethnography Galen
Dolezal, Jan Ethnopedagogy Galton, Francis
Game Theory Head Start India
Gangs Health Belief Model Individual Differences
Gemelli, Agostino Health Promotion Industrial and Organizational
Gender, Sex, and Culture: Gender and Health Psychology: History of the Field Psychology: History of the Field
Culture Health Psychology: Assessments and Industrial and Organizational
Gender, Sex, and Culture: Sex and Interventions Psychology: Theories and Methods of
Culture Hearing: Biological Organization Study
Gender, Sex, and Culture: Sex Hearing: Behavioral and Functional Industrial and Organizational
Differences and Gender Differences Aspects Psychology: Assessments and
Gender Constancy Hebb, Donald Olding Interventions
Gender Identity Heider, Fritz Infancy: Biological Processes
Gender Roles Hellenistic Psychology Infancy: Perception and Motor
Gender Schema Helmholtz, Hermann von Development
Gender Socialization Helson, Harry Infancy: Learning and Cognitive
General Systems Theory and Hemispheric Functions Development
Philosophy Henning, Hans Infancy: Emotions and Temperament
Generativity Herbart, Johann Friedrich Infancy: Early Experience and
Genetic Counseling Hering, Ewald Socialization
Genetic Disorders Hermeneutics Informal Learning
Genius Heterosexism Information Display
Genocide Heterosexuality Information Processing Theories
Germain, José Heymans, Gerardus Informed Consent
Germany Hispanic Psychology Ingenieros, Jose
Gerontology History Inpatient Treatment
Gesell, Arnold Lucius Hobbes, Thomas Insomnia
Gestalt Psychology Hobbs, Nicholas Institute for Social Research at the
Gestalt Therapy Höffding, Harald University of Michigan
Ghiselli, Edwin E. Hollingworth, Harry L. Instructional Environment
Gibson, Eleanor J. Hollingworth, Leta Stetter Instructional Theories
Gibson, James Jerome Holt, Edwin Bisell Instructional Treatments
Giftedness Holzkamp, Klaus Integrative Psychotherapy
Gilbreth, Lillian Homelessness Intelligence
Giner de los Ríos, Francisco Homophobia Interamerican Society of Psychology
Goals Homosexuality Interdependence: Interdependence
God Concepts Hong Kong Structure
Goddard, Henry Herbert Hooker, Evelyn Interdependence: Interdependence
Goldstein, Kurt Hopkins Symptom Checklist Theory
Goodenough, Florence Laura Hormone Replacement Therapy Interest
Government Regulation: Federal Horney, Karen D. Intergroup Relations
Regulation Hospice International Association of Applied
Government Regulation: State Hotline Services Psychology
Regulation Hovland, Carl Iver International Classification of Diseases
Graham, Clarence Henry Hull, Clark Leonard International Congress of Psychology
Grandparenting Human Behavior and the Natural International Council of Psychologists
Greece Environment International Psychology
Grief and Loss Human-Computer Interface Design International Relations
Griffith, Coleman Roberts Human Error Analysis International Society for the Study of
Group Cohesiveness Human Factors Psychology Behavioural Development
Grouping and Tracking Humanistic Psychology International Test Commission
Group Performance Human Origins International Union of Psychological
Groups: Groups and Group Structure Human Performance Theory Science
Groups: Group Processes Human Resources Research Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Group Therapy Organization Intervention
Groupthink Hume, David Interventions Based in Religious
Guilford, Joy Paul Humor and Laughter Congregations
Guilt Hunt, J. McVicker Intimacy
Gulliksen, Harold Hunt, William Alvin Intuition
Guthrie, Edwin R. Hunter, Thomas Alexander Irritable Bowel Syndrome and
Guttman Scale Hunter, Walter S. Functional Disorders
Habituation Husserl, Edmund Islam and Psychology
Hall, Granville Stanley Hypertension Israel
Hall, Marshall Hypnosis Italy
Hallucinations Hypochondriasis Itard, Jean-Marie-Gaspard
Hallucinogens Hypothesis Testing Item Response Theory
Hamilton, William Id Jaensch, Erich R.
Hamilton Rating Scale Identity James, William
Handwriting Analysis Illusory Correlation Janet, Pierre
Harlow, Harry Frederick Imagination Japan
Hartley, David Immune System Jastrow, Joseph
Hathaway, Starke R. Implicit Memory Jealousy and Envy
Hawthorne Effect Impression Formation Jennings, Herbert Spencer
Head, Henry Impression Management Job Loss and Unemployment
Headaches Impulsivity Job Satisfaction
Head Injury Incest Job Stress
Jones, Edward Ellsworth Lehrman, Daniel Sanford Mental Imagery
Jones, Mary Cover Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Mental Models
Joy Lewin, Kurt Mental Retardation
Judaism and Psychology Libido Mental Workload
Judd, Charles Hubbard Licensure Mentoring Programs
Jung, Carl Gustav Life Course Theory Mesmer, Franz Anton
Juries Life Span Psychology Theory Messer, August
Justice Likert Scale Meta-Analysis
Just World Belief Lindner, Gustav Adolf Metaphysics
Kaila, Eino Lipps, Theodor Meumann, Ernst
Kant, Immanuel Literacy Mexico
Kantor, Jacob R. Literature Meyer, Adolf
Katona, George Locke, John Meyerson, Ignace
Katz, David Locus of Control Michotte, Albert Edouard
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Loeb, Jacques Middle Childhood: Physical and
Children Logotherapy Biological Development
Keller, Fred Simmons Lombroso, Cesare Middle Childhood: Cognitive
Kelley, Truman Lee Lomov, Boris Fydorovich Development
Kelly, George Alexander Loneliness Middle Childhood: Education and
Kiesow, Federico Longitudinal Research Schooling
Kinesthesis Long-Term Potentiation Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional
Kinsey, Alfred C. Lorenz, Konrad Development
Kirkbride, Thomas S. Lotze, Hermann Middle Childhood: Socialization and
Klein, Melanie Love: An Overview Social Contexts
Klemm, Otto August Love: Spiritual Conceptions of Love Migrants
Klineberg, Otto Luria, Alexander R. Miles, Walter Richard
Klüver, Heinrich Mach, Ernst Milgram, Stanley
Koch, Sigmund Machine Design Milieu Therapy
Koffka, Kurt Mainstreaming and Inclusion Military Culture
Kohlberg, Lawrence Malingering Military Psychology
Köhler, Wolfgang Malpractice Military Service
Korea Managed Care Mill, James
Kraepelin, Emil Mandated Reporting Mill, John Stuart
Krech, David Marbe, Karl Miller, George Armitage
Kretschmer, Ernst Marginalization Miller, Neal Elgar
Kries, Johannes Von Marijuana Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
Krueger, Felix Marriage Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Külpe, Oswald Marx, Karl Inventory
Kuo, Zing-Yang Masculine and Feminine Cultures Minority Psychology
Labeling Maslow, Abraham Harold Mnemonic Devices
Ladd, George Trumbull Mathematical Psychology Mnemonists
Ladd-Franklin, Christine Matsumoto, Matataro Modernization
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de Max Planck Institute for Human Montessori, Maria
Langfeld, Herbert Sidney Development and Education Mood
Language: An Overview May, Rollo Mood Disorders
Language: Language Acquisition McClelland, David C. Moral Development
Language: Language and Brain McCosh, James Moral Discourse
Systems McDougall, William Morgan, Clifford Thomas
Language: Language Development, McGeoch, John A. Morgan, Conwy Lloyd
Syntax, and Communication Mead, George Herbert Morphology
Lashley, Karl Spencer Meaning of Life Motion Perception
Latent Learning Measures of Association Motivation: An Overview
Lavater, Johann Caspar Measures of Intelligence: Intelligence Motivation: Physiological Aspects
Law and Psychology Tests Motivation: Assessment
Law of Effect Measures of Intelligence: Biological Motora, Yujiro
Leadership Theories Motor System
Learned Helplessness Measures of Intelligence: Cognitive Mouchet, Enrique
Learning: An Overview Theories Mowrer, O. Hobart
Learning: Molecular and Cellular Measures of Intelligence: Legal Issues Müller, Georg Elias
Aspects Media Effects Müller, Johannes Peter
Learning: Conditioning Approach Medical Technology Design Müller-Lyer, Franz Carl
Learning: Cognitive Approach for Meditation Multicultural Counseling
Humans Meinong, Alexius Multicultural Education
Learning: Cognitive Approach for Melton, Arthur Multimodal Therapy
Animals Memory: An Overview Multiple Intelligences
Learning, Transfer of Memory: Coding Processes Multiple Regression
Learning and Memory: In Humans Memory: Constructive Processes Multiple Task Performance
Learning and Memory: In Animals Memory: Memory Systems Münsterberg, Hugo
Learning and Motivation Memory: Memory and Aging Murchison, Carl
Learning Disabilities Memory: Brain Systems Murphy, Gardner
Learning Skills Menopause Murray, Henry Alexander
Learning Technologies Menstruation Music
Learning Theories Mental Health Care Music Perception
Le Bon, Gustave Mental Health Law Music Therapy
Mutual-Help and Self-Help Parapsychology Poverty: Adulthood Poverty
Myers, Charles S. Parent-Child Relationship: Childhood Power
Mysticism Parent-Child Relationship: Adolescence Power Motivation
Narcissism Parent-Child Relationship: Adulthood Practical Intelligence
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Parent Management Training Practitioner Model
Narcolepsy Parsons, Frank Pragmatics
Narrative Psychology Pastoral Counseling Pregnancy
Narrative Therapy Pattern Recognition Prejudice
National Academy of Sciences Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Preschool Education
National Institute of Mental Health Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Prescription Privileges
National Mental Health Association Peace Pressey, Sidney Leavitt
National Register of Health Service Peak Experiences Prevention: An Overview
Providers in Psychology Pearson, Karl Prevention: Prevention for Infants and
National Science Foundation Pediatric Psychology Young Children
Natural Selection Pedophilia Prevention: Prevention for School-Aged
Nature and Nurture Theories Peer Counseling Children and Adolescents
Negotiation Peirce, Charles S. Prevention: Prevention for Adults
NEO Personality Inventory Perception and Action Preyer, Wilhelm
Netherlands Perceptual Constancies Prince, Morton
Neuromuscular Disorders Perceptual Organization Prisoners of War
Neuron Performing Arts Prisons and Correctional Institutions
Neuropsychology: Theories Personality Privacy
Neuropsychology: Testing Personality and Intelligence Private Practice
Neuropsychology: Interventions Personality Development: Infancy and Prodigies
Neuroscience Early Childhood Professional Consultation
Newcomb, Theodore Mead Personality Development: Middle Professional Organizations
Newell, Allen Childhood and Adolescence Projective Techniques
Newton, Isaac Personality Development: Adulthood Propaganda
New Zealand and Aging Proprioception
Nietzsche, F. W. Personality Disorders Prosocial Behavior
Nightmares Personality Psychology: History of the Prosocial Development in Childhood
Night Terrors Field and Adolescence
Nissen, Henry Wieghorst Personality Psychology: Theories Psi Beta
Nomothetic and Idiographic Orientations Personality Psychology: Methods of Psi Chi
Nonhuman Communication Study Psyche and Soul
Nonhuman Intelligence Personality Traits Psychiatry
Nonparametric Statistics Person-Machine Systems Psychoanalysis: History of the Field
Nonrandomized Designs Personnel Selection: Techniques and Psychoanalysis: Theories
Nonverbal Communication Instruments Psychoanalysis: Methods of Study
Non-Western Therapies Personnel Selection: Selection and the Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis and
Norms Law Philosophy
North Africa Peru Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalytic
Northern Ireland Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich Psychotherapies
Norway Phenomenological Psychology Psychobiography
NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Phenomenology Psycholinguistics: An Overview
Science Philosophy: An Overview Psycholinguistics: Syntax and Grammar
Nutrition Philosophy: Philosophy of Mind Psycholinguistics: Semantics
Obedience Philosophy: Philosophy of Science Psycholinguistics: Discourse
Obesity Phonetics Comprehension
Object Relations Theories Phonology Psycholinguistics: Linguistic
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Phrenology Determinism
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Physical Disabilities Psychology: Definition
Disorder Piaget, Jean Psychology: Classical Antiquity
Oedipus Complex Piéron, Henri Psychology: The Middle Ages
Ogden, Robert Morris Pillsbury, Walter B. Psychology: Renaissance through the
Olds, James Pinel, Philippe Enlightenment
Operant Conditioning: An Overview. Pintner, Rudolf Psychology: Nineteenth Century through
Operant Conditioning: Operant Piotrowski, Zygmunt A. Freud
Conditioning Chamber Pitch Perception Psychology: Early Twentieth Century
Opiates Placebo Effect in Research Design Psychology: Post-World War II
Oppositional Defiant Disorder Plato Psychology of Men
Optimism and Pessimism Play Psychometrics
Organizational Management Play Therapy Psychometric Society
Organizational Theories Police Psychology Psychoneuroendocrinology
Organizations Political Behavior Psychoneuroimmunology
Osgood, Charles Egerton Political Decision Making Psychonomic Society
Pain: Mechanisms Political Leadership Psychopathology
Pain: Management Pornography Psychopharmacology:
Pakistan Porter, Noah Pharmacotherapy
Pan, Shu Portugal Psychopharmacology:
Panic Disorder Postman, Leo Joseph Ethnopsychopharmacology
Paranoia or Delusional Disorder Postmodern Psychology Psychophysics
Paranoid Personality Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychosexual Stages
Paraprofessionals Poverty: Childhood Poverty Psychosis
Psychosomatic Illness Rogers, Carl Ranson Shepard, Roger N.
Psychosurgery Role Theory Sherif, Muzafer
Psychotherapy: Research Romanes, George John Sherrington, Charles Scott
Psychotherapy: Clinical Practice Rorschach, Hermann Shyness
Psychotherapy: Approaches Rorschach Test Sibling Relationships
Psychoticism Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Sign Languages
Public Health Royce, Josiah Simarro, Luis
Public Policy Rubin, Edgar Simon, Herbert Alexander
Public Service Rumors Simon, Théodore
Punishment: Research Rural Communities Single-Case Experimental Design
Punishment: Developmental Rush, Benjamin Situated Cognition
Perspectives Russia and the Former Soviet Republics Situation Awareness
Purkinje, Johannes Sadness Sixteen Personality Factor
Qualitative Research Sampling Questionnaire
Quality of Life Sanford, Edmund Clark Skinner, Burrhus Frederic
Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques Santayana, George Sleep
Racism Savant Syndrome Sleep Apnea
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Scale Development Sleep Disorders
Randomized Experiments Scene Perception Sleeptalking
Rank, Otto Schachter, Stanley Sleepwalking
Ranschburg, Pal Schedules of Reinforcement Small, Willard S.
Rapaport, David Schema Smell
Rape Schizophrenia Smoking
Rasch Model Schlosberg, Harold Social Cognition
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy School-Based Collaboration and Social-Cognitive Theory
Raynaud's Disease Teaming Social Comparison
Reactance School Consultation Social Competence Programs
Reaction Time School Dropout Social Desirability
Reading School Effectiveness and Improvement Social Distance
Refugees School Psychology Social Facilitation
Regional Psychological Associations: School Readiness Social Gerontological Theories
Regional Psychological Associations in School Refusal Social Identity
the United States School Suspension and Expulsion Social Influence Theory
Regional Psychological Associations: School Transitions Social Justice
Regional Psychological Associations in Schopenhauer, Arthur Social Motivation
Canada Schumann, Friedrich Social Network Analysis: Definition and
Rehabilitation Psychology Scientist-Practitioner Model History
Reid, Thomas SCL-90-R Social Network Analysis: Concepts,
Relaxation Training Scotland Applications, and Methods
Reliability Scott, Walter Dill Social Neuroscience
Religion and Psychology: An Overview Scripture, Edward Wheeler Social Phobia
Religion and Psychology: Theories and Sears, Pauline S. Social Psychology: Methods of Study
Methods Sears, Robert R. Social Psychology: Applied Social
Religion and Psychotherapy: An Seashore, Carl Emil Psychology
Overview Seasonal Affective Disorder Social Representations
Religion and Psychotherapy: Beliefs and Sechenov, Ivan Mikhailovich Social Settings
Training of Psychotherapists Secondary Education Social Skills Training
Religious Experience: Belief and Faith Seguin, Edouard Social Support
Religious Experience: Religious Self-Concept and Self-Representation Society for Neuroscience
Experiences and Practices Self-Consciousness Society for Psychotherapy Research
Religious Symbol, Myth, and Ritual Self-Disclosure Society for Research in Child
Religious Values and Mental Health Self-Efficacy Development
Replication in Research Self-Esteem Society of Experimental Psychologists
Representational Tools Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Society of Experimental Social
Repressed Memory Self-Regulation Psychology
Repression Self-Report Sociohistorical Process
Reproductive System Semantic Differential Sociolinguistics
Republic of Ireland Sensation Seeking Socrates
Research Dissemination Sensory Stores Solomon, Richard Lester
Research Methods: History of the Field Sensory Systems Somatoform Disorders
Research Methods: Concepts and Sexism South Africa
Practices Sex Segregation South America, South Cone Zone of
Residential Treatment Programs Sex Stratification Southeast Asia
Resilience Sex Therapy Spain
Retirement Sexual Conditioning Spatial Vision
Retrieval Processes Sexual Disorders Spearman, Charles Edward
Reversal Theory Sexual Dysfunctions Special Education
Révèsz, Geza Sexual Harassment Specific Phobia
Ribot, Théodule Armand Sexually Transmitted Diseases Speech and Language Disorders
Richter, Curt Paul Sexual Masochism Speech Production
Right to Refuse Treatment Sexual Orientation Spence, Kenneth Wartinbee
Rigidity Sexual Sadism Spencer, Herbert
Rivers, William Halse Shakow, David Sperry, Roger Wolcott
Robotics Shame Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus de)
Sport Performance Interventions Therapeutic Communities Watson, John B.
Sport Psychology: History of the Field Thibaut, John W. Watt, Henry Jackson
Sport Psychology: Research Thinking: An Overview Weber, Ernst Heinrich
Sport Psychology: Assessment Thinking: Problem Solving Wechsler, David
Sport Psychology: Social Psychology Thinking: Reasoning Wechsler Intelligence Tests
Perspectives Thomson, Godfrey Hilton Wechsler Memory Scale
Spranger, Eduard Thorndike, Edward Lee Weiss, Albert Paul
Standardized Tests Thurstone, Louis Leon Wellness and Illness
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale Time Perception Werner, Heinz
Statistical Significance Tinbergen, Nikolaas Wertheimer, Max
Stellar, Eliot Titchener, Edward Bradford Wever, Ernest Glen
Stereotypes Token Economy Wheeler, Raymond H.
Stern, Louis William Tolman, Edward Chace Whipple, Guy M.
Stevens, Stanley Smith Touch: Biological Organization Wisdom
Stigma Touch: Behavioral and Functional Witasek, Stephan
Stimulants Aspects Witmer, Lightner
Stone, Calvin P. Training: An Overview Wolpe, Joseph
Stout, George Frederick Training: Special Training Issues Women's Health Issues
Stratton, George M. Transference Woodworth, Robert Sessions
Stress: Definition and Physiology Transpersonal Psychology Woolley, Helen Thompson
Stress: Measurement Transportation Systems Design Work
Stress: Impact on Health Transsexualism Work Adjustment Theory
Strong, Edward Kellogg, Jr. Transvestism Work Conditions
Strong Interest Inventory Treatment Working Alliance
Student Characteristics Trichotillomania Working Memory
Stumpf, Carl Troland, Leonard Thompson Work Performance
Subliminal Perception Turkey World Federation for Mental Health
Sub-Saharan Africa Tversky, Amos World Health Organization
Suburban Communities Twelve-Step Programs Writing
Suicide Twins Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian
Sullivan, Harry Stack Tyler, Leona E. Xenophobia
Sully, James Underwood, Benton J. Yerkes, Robert Mearns
Sumner, Francis Cecil Unions Young, Paul Thomas
Super, Donald Edwin United States Department of Veterans Zhang, Yao-xiang
Superego Affairs Zubin, Joseph
Suppes, Patrick Unobtrusive Measures
Survey Methodology Upham, Thomas Cogswell
Sweden Urban Communities
Switzerland Validity
Symbolic Interaction Theory Values
Sympathy Varona y Pera, Enrique José
Synapse Venezuela
Systematic Desensitization Veterans
System Error Analysis Violence and Aggression
Systems Theory Violence Risk Assessment
Taine, Hippolyte Virtual Communities
Taiwan Virtual Reality
Talent Vision and Sight: Structure and Function
Taste: Biological Organization Vision and Sight: Behavioral and
Taste: Behavioral and Functional Functional Aspects
Aspects Vision and Sight: Age-Related Changes,
Taste Aversion Learning Optical Factors, and Neural Processes
Tavistock Institute Visual Adaptation
Teachers: Assessment of Teacher Visual and Design Arts
Effectiveness Visual Illusions
Teachers: Teacher Relationships Visual Impairment: Physical Causes
Team Training Visual Impairment: Psychological
Technical and Professional Education Implications
Technology: Technology and Visual Search
Communication Vives, Juan Luis
Technology: Technology and Disabilities Volition
Temperament Voluntary and Involuntary
Terman, Lewis Madison Hospitalization
Terminal Decline Voyeurism
Territoriality Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich
Terrorism Wales
Testing War and Conflict: Effects on General
Test Utility Population
Teuber, Hans-Lukas War and Conflict: Effects on Military
Thematic Apperception Test Personnel
Theoretical and Philosophical Ward, James
Psychology Warden, Carl John
Theory of Mind Warren, Howard Crosby
Theory of Reasoned Action Washburn, Margaret Floy
A
ABORTION. The medical or surgical termination of a
pregnancy, abortion is one of the oldest, most com Role of Psychologists
monly practiced, and most controversial medical pro The American Psychological Association (APA) and in
cedures currently performed in the United States. It dividual psychologists have had a long history of in
has been a legal procedure in all states since Roe v. volvement in matters related to psychological factors
Wade (1973). when the Supreme Court ruled that the associated with abortion and in disseminating results
abortion decision was protected by a woman's right to of research on abortion-related issues. In 1969, the
privacy. The Court also noted that the state has legiti APA Council of Representatives adopted a resolution
mate interests in protecting both the pregnant that identified termination of unwanted pregnancies as
woman's health and potential human life, interests a mental health and child welfare issue, resolving that
that grow and reach a compelling pOint at later states termination of pregnancy be considered a civil right of
of gestation. Subsequent Supreme Court decisions the pregnant woman. In 1980, APA passed a resolution
have eroded the broad abortion rights articulated in supporting the right to conduct scientific research on
Roe, while at the same time upholding the general abortion. In 1989, APA passed a resolution to initiate
principle of that decision. For example, in Webster v. a public awareness effort to correct the record on the
Reproductive Health Services (1989), and Planned Parent scientific findings of abortion research, and appointed
hood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992), the a panel of experts to review the best scientific studies
Court significantly expanded the states' ability to place of abortion outcomes. The report of this panel was pub
restrictions on access to abortion, so long as these re lished in 1990 in Science.
strictions do not impose an "undue burden" on Individual psychologists conduct crisis pregnancy
women seeking abortions. counseling, help women and girls decide how to resolve
Approximately 1 .5 million legal abortions have been an unwanted pregnancy, and counsel women who have
performed each year in the United States since Roe v. had an abortion and who report associated distress.
Wade. resulting in the annual termination of about 25% Psychological researchers conduct and disseminate re
of known pregnancies. Most abortions (more than search on attitudes toward abortion. psychological re
90'XI) a re performed in the first trimester of pregnancy; sponses to abortion. and predictors of those responses.
less than 1 % are performed at more than 20 weeks. Psychologists also serve as expert witnesses in court
The abortion rate in the United States has been grad cases dealing with abortion-related issues.
ually declining since the early 1980s. This decline may
be due to a variety of factors. They include the de Characteristics of Abortion Patients
creased availability of abortion services; increased ha Demographic characteristics of women obtaining abor
rassment by antiabortion activists; the increased cost tions are derived from national surveys of abortion pro
of obtaining an abortion; reluctance of providers to viders. According to the Alan Guttmacher Institute. the
perform abortions at more than 13 weeks gestation; majority of women obtaining abortions are young (55%
changing attitudes toward abortion and unwed moth are younger than 25) and never married (66%). T he
erhood; exclusion of abortion from Medicaid coverage; majority have had one or more children (55%). but no
and legislative barriers such as the implementation of prior abortions (53%). Based on total numbers, more
waiting periods and parental consent rules. White women (61%) than African American or His-
I
2 ABORTION
panic women obtain abortions. However, the abortion studies is likely to be biased in the direction of over
rate for White women is lower than it is for minority estimating the prevalence of postabortion problems
women. Black women are approximately three times as among women who obtain legal, first trimester abor
likely to have an abortion as White women and His tions.
panic women are roughly two times as likely to do so. Psychological experts, including the panel convened
Abortion rates are also disproportionately higher by the APA. argue in contrast that the very best sci
among women who are disadvantaged economically entific studies show that freely chosen abortion, partic
because of poverty or lack of education. Many of these ularly in the first trimester of pregnancy. does not pose
demographic factors are intercorrelated, making it dif a significant mental health risk for most women. This
ficult to attribute differences in abortion rates to any conclusion is derived from studies based on random
single variable. samples of women who have arrived at a doctor's office.
The most common reasons women report for ob clinic. or hospital for an abortion. They are asked to
taining an abortion are concern that having a baby at participate in a study and are then interviewed on the
that point would interfere with work, school, or other day of their abortion and/or some time afterward.
responsibilities; the inability to afford a baby financially; These studies generally find that most women do not
and partner-related reasons. Motivations to have an report psychological distress after an abortion and that
abortion differ substantially among different subgroups the highest rates of distress are generally reported prior
of women. Adult mothers, for example, are more likely to the abortion. The conclusion that abortion does not
than nonmothers to cite as reasons for obtaining an pose a mental health risk for most women is also de
abortion, completion of childbearing along with re rived from epidemiological studies of large populations
sponsibilities to others, including other children. of women whose prior abortion history is known. These
studies generally find no higher incidence of psycho
Controversy over Psychological logical problems among women who have had an abor
Consequences of Abortion tion than among women who have not. Although these
Contemporary debates over abortion often focus on psy studies also have methodological limitations. they are
chological issues. One controversy centers on whether generally much sounder scientifically than those used
abortion is psychologically damaging to women. This to support the argument that severe negative reactions
controversy became a public policy debate in 1987. to abortion are common.
when President Ronald Reagan directed Surgeon Part of the difficulty in drawing firm conclusions
General C. Everett Koop to prepare a report on the psy about the psychological effects of abortion results from
chological and physical health effects of abortion. After the fact it is impossible to separate the effects of abor
reviewing the evidence. Koop declined to issue such a tion from the effects of experiencing an unwanted preg
report. Rather. in a letter to President Reagan, the nancy. Both of these are potentially stressful events. Ul
surgeon-general concluded that "the scientific studies timately, the mental health risks of abortion must be
do not provide conclusive data on the health effects of compared to the mental health risks of its alternatives
abortion on women." motherhood or adoption. However, no well-controlled
Individuals on both sides of the abortion debate dis studies are available that compare all three groups, per
agree with Koop's conclusion. Prolife advocates argue haps because relatively few women choose the adoption
that over time, many or most women who have an alternative. In contrast, a number of well-designed
abortion suffer psychological damage as a result. Ad studies have compared the psychological well-being of
vocates of this view have lobbied the American Psy women who have had abortions to the well-being of
chiatric Association to recognize postabortion syn women who have carried an unintended pregnancy to
drome as a psychiatric diagnostic category. Support for term and kept the child. The measures of well-being
this position is based on clinical case studies that derive that were used in these studies include self-esteem. anx
from two separate sources: (1) women who have sought iety. incidence of psychiatric disorder. progress in
professional help for psychological problems following school. and economic status. All of these studies have
their abortions; (2) w omen who were specifically solic reached the same conclusion-th at the well-being of
ited as participants because they identified themselves women who have abortions is generally either better
in advance as having suffered psychological trauma fol than, or not significantly different from. that of women
lowing abortion. In addition to relying on samples of who carry an unplanned pregnancy to term and keep
women who identified themselves as experiencing post the baby.
abortion adjustment problems, many of these studies Although most women do not experience Significant
fail to distinguish between whether the abortion was psychological distress following an abortion, some do.
performed legally or illegally and whether it was per The reactions of these women should not be dismissed
formed in the first or second trimester of pregnancy. as inconsequential and deserve attention from psychol
Because of these methodological issues. this group of ogists. It is important to remember. however. that dis-
