Table Of ContentI
o
o - 0
Encyclopedia of Prehistory
Volume 4: Europe
Encyclopedia of Prehistory
General Editors: Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember
Volume 1: Africa
Volume 2: Arctic and Subarctic
Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania
Volume 4: Europe
Volume 5: Middle America
Volume 6: North America
Volume 7: South America
Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia
Volume 9: Cumulative Index
Encyclopedia of Prehistory
Volume 4: Europe
Edited by
Peter N. Peregrine
Lawrence University
Appleton, Wisconsin
and
Melvin Ember
Human Relations Area FilesIYale University
New Haven, Connecticut
Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files
at Yale University
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Eneyclopedia of prehistory/edited by Peter N. Peregrine and Melvin Ember
p. em.
Includes bibliographicaI references and index.
Contents: v. 4. Europe
ISBN 978-1-4684-7131-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-1187-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1187-8
I. Prehistoric peoples-Eneyclopedias. 2. Antiquities, Prehistorie-Eneyclopedias. I.
Human Relations Area Files, Ine.
GN710 .E53 2000
960'.1 '03-de21 99-049489
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
OriginaIly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001
http://www.wkap.nV
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
All rights reserved
A C.I.P. reeord for this book is available from the Library of Congress
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronie, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, reeording, or otherwise, without written permission from the
Publisher.
ADVISORY BOARD
STANLEY H. AMBROSE University of Illinois, Urbana
ROBERT E. ACKERMAN Washington State University
BETTINA ARNOLD University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
RICHARD E. BLANTON Purdue University
UMESH CHATTOPADHYAYA University of Allahabad
JAMES DENBOW University of Texas, Austin
D. BRUCE DICKSON Texas A&M University
TIMOTHY K. EARLE Northwestern University
GARY M. FEINMAN The Field Museum
ANTONIO GILMAN California State University, Northridge
JONATHAN HAAS The Field Museum
MARY HELMS University of North Carolina, Greensboro
WILLIAM F. KEEGAN Florida Museum of Natural History
LAWRENCE H. KEELEY University of Illinois, Chicago
JAIME LITVAK KING Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
PHILIP KOHL Wellesley College
ALEXANDER LESKOV German Archaeological Institute
WILLIAM D. LIPE Washington State University
JOYCE MARCUS University of Michigan
RONALD J. MASON Lawrence University
VINCENT PIGOTT University of Pennsylvania
THOMAS J. RlLEy North Dakota State University
ANNA C. ROOSEVELT The Field Museum
JEREMY A. SABLOFF University of Pennsylvania
FRED SMITH Northern Illinois University
ANNE P. UNDERHILL The Field Museum
NIKOLAAS J. VAN DER MERWE Harvard University
RICHARD ZETTLER University of Pennsylvania
The Encyclopedia of Prehistory was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the
Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research
organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a nonprofit consortium of 19
Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member
institutions in nearly 40 countries. The Inission of HRAF is to provide information that
facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF
Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly one Inillion
pages of information, indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of
the world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more
than 365 cultures, is accessible electronically each year to member institutions. The HRAF
Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, is accessible
electronically each year to those member institutions opting to receiving it. Each year the
Collection of Archaeology adds indexed full-text materials on a random sample of the major
traditions in the Encyclopedia of Prehistory. After a tradition has been included in the
Collection of Archaeology, HRAF plans to add materials on the complete archaeological
sequence relevant to the tradition.
bu
Contri tors
Bettina Arnold Michael Galaty
Department of Anthropology Department of Sociology/Anthropology
University of Wisconsin Millsaps College
Milwaukee Wisconsin Jackson, Mississippi
United States United States
William Barnett
Field Museum Dragos Gheorghiu
Chicago, Illinois Bucharest
United States Romania
Xavier Clop Garcia
HaskeD Greenfield
D' Anthropologia Social I Prehistoria
Department of Anthropology
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
University of Manitoba
Bellatera
Winnipeg
Spain
Canada
D. Bruce Dickson
Dept. of Anthropology
Alice Haeussler
Texas A&M University
Department of Anthropology
College Station" Texas Arizona State University
United States
Tempe, Arizona
United States
James Enloe
Department of Anthropology
University of Iowa Steve Jones
Iowa City, Iowa Albany, New York
United States United States
vii
viii Contributors
Tamaz Kiguradze Peter N. Peregrine
State Museum of Georgia Department of Anthropology
Tiblisi Lawrence University
Georgia Appleton, Wisconsin
United Staes
Philip Kohl
Ann Pike-Tay
Department of Anthropology
Department of Anthropology
Wellesley College
Vassar College
Wellesley, Massachusetts
Poughkeepsie, New York
United States
United States
Elena Kuzmina Christopher Prescott
Institute for Cultural Reaserach IAKN, Norkish
Moscow Arkeologi
Russia Oslo, Norway
Katina Lillios Ralph Rowlett
Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology
Ripon College University of Missouri
Ripon, Wisconsin Columbia, Missouri
United States United States
Nathalie Shishlina
Sam Lucy
Department of Archaeology
Department of Archaeology
State Historical Museum
University of Durham
Moscow
Durham
Russia
United Kingdom
Lawrence Guy Straus
Sarunas Milisauskas
Department of Anthropology
Department of Anthropology
University of New Mexico
State University of New York
Albuquerque New Mexico
Buffalo, New York
United States
United States
Timothy Taylor
Sarah Milliken Department of Archaeological Sciences
Department of Archaeology University of Bradford
University College Cork Bradford West Yorkshire
Republic of Ireland United Kingdom
Matthew Murray Henrik Thrane
Department of Anthropology Prehistoric Archaeology
Minnesota State University University of Aarhus
Mankato, Minnesota Moesgaard, Hoejbjerg
United States Denmark
Preface
The Encyclopedia of Prehistory represents also defined by a somewhat different set of
an attempt to provide basic information sociocultural characteristics than are eth
on all archaeologically known cultures, nological cultures. Major traditions are
covering the entire globe and the entire defined based on common subsistence
prehistory of humankind. It is designed as practices, sociopolitical organization, and
a tool to assist in doing comparative material industries, but language, ideology,
research on the peoples of the past. Most and kinship ties play little or no part in
of the entries are written by the world's their definition because they are virtually
foremost experts on the particular areas unrecoverable from archaeological con
and time periods. texts. In contrast, language, ideology, and
The Encyclopedia is organized accord kinship ties are central to defining ethno
ing to major traditions. A major tradition logical cultures.
is defined as a group ofp opulations sharing There are three types of entries in the
similar subsistence practices, technology, Encyclopedia: the major tradition entry,
and forms of sociopolitical organization, the regional subtradition entry, and the
which are spatially contiguous over a rela site entry. Each contains different types of
tively large area and which endure tempo information, and each is intended to be
rally for a relatively long period. Minimal used in a different way. The major tradi
areal coverage for a major tradition can tion entry is a general summary of infor
be thought of as something like 100,000 mation about a single major tradition; it
square kilometers, while minimal tempo provides descriptive information about
ral duration can be thought of as some the environment and culture of the people
thing like five centuries. Major traditions whose lifeways comprised the tradition.
are not quite like cultures in an ethnolog The major tradition entry lacks formal
ical sense because, in addition to socio references but provides a list of suggested
culturally defining characteristics, major readings. Although the geographical and
traditions generally have a more extended temporal range of the major tradition
temporal dimension. Major traditions are entry was stipulated for the authors, they
ix
