Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues 2 volumes

917 Pages·2008·7.47 MB·English

by  Joseph P. Byrne

Encyclopedia of Pestilence,
Pandemics, and Plagues
ADVISORY BOARD
Ann G. Carmichael, Co-Director of the Center for the Study of the History of Medicine, Indiana
University
Katharine Donahue,Head of History and Special Collections, Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library,
UCLA
John Parascandola,President of the American Association for the History of Medicine (2006), former
Chief of the History of Medicine Division (HMD) of the National Library of Medicine, and Public
Health Services Historian in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Christopher Ryland, Assistant Director for Special Collections at Vanderbilt University’s Annette and
Irwin Eskind Biomedical Library
William C. Summers,Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Professor of History of
Science and Medicine at Yale University
Encyclopedia of Pestilence,
Pandemics, and Plagues
Volume 1, A–M
Edited by
JOSEPH P. BYRNE
Foreword by
Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.
GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut • London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues / edited by Joseph P. Byrne ; foreword by
Anthony S. Fauci.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-0-313-34101-4 (set : alk. paper)
ISBN: 978-0-313-34102-1 (v. 1 : alk. paper)
ISBN: 978-0-313-34103-8 (v. 2 : alk. paper)
1. Epidemics—Encyclopedias. 2. Communicable diseases—Encyclopedias. I. Byrne, Joseph
Patrick.
[DNLM: 1. Disease Outbreaks—Encyclopedias—English. 2. Communicable Diseases—
Encyclopedias—English. WA 13 E564 2008]
RA652.E535 2008
614.4003—dc2 2008019487
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2008 by Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008019487
ISBN: 978–0–313–34101–4 (set)
978–0–313–34102–1 (vol. 1)
978–0–313–34103–8 (vol. 2)
First published in 2008
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Entries vii
Guide to Related Topics xiii
Foreword by Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. xix
Preface xxi
Introduction xxiii
The Encyclopedia 1
Glossary 801
Bibliography 813
About the Editor, Advisory Board Members, and Contributors 827
Index 843
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List of Entries
AIDS in Africa Black Death and Late Medieval
AIDS in the United States Christianity
AIDS, Literature, and the Arts in the Black Death, Economic and
United States Demographic Effects of
Air and Epidemic Diseases Black Death, Flagellants, and Jews
Animal Diseases (Zoonoses) and Black Death: Literature and Art
Epidemic Disease Black Death: Modern Medical Debate
Animal Research Bubonic Plague
Antibiotics Bubonic Plague in the United States
Apothecary/Pharmacist
Armstrong, Richard Capitalism and Epidemic Disease
Astrology and Medicine Chadwick, Edwin
Avian Flu. See Influenza. Children and Childhood Epidemic
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Diseases
Ayurvedic Disease Theory and Medicine Chinese Disease Theory and Medicine
Cholera
Babesiosis Cholera before the Pandemics
Bacterium/Bacteria Cholera: First through Third Pandemics,
BartonellaDiseases 1816–1861
Behring, Emil von Cholera: Fourth through Sixth
Biblical Plagues Pandemics, 1862–1947
Bimaristan/Maristan Cholera: Seventh Pandemic, 1961–Present
Biological Warfare Cinema and Epidemic Disease
Bioterrorism Colonialism and Epidemic Disease
Black Death (1347–1352) Conjunctivitis
viii List of Entries
Contagion and Transmission Gorgas, William Crawford
Contagion Theory of Disease, Greco-Roman Medical Theory
Premodern and Practice
Cordon Sanitaire
Corpses and Epidemic Disease Haffkine, Waldemar Mordechai
Hansen, Gerhard Armauer
Demographic Data Collection and Hemorrhagic Fevers
Analysis, History of Hemorrhagic Fevers in Modern Africa
Diagnosis and Diagnostic Tools Henderson, Donald Ainslie
Diagnosis of Historical Diseases Hepatitis
Diet, Nutrition, and Epidemic Disease Heredity and Epidemic Disease
Diphtheria Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Corpus
Disease in the Pre-Columbian Historical Epidemiology
Americas Hospitals and Medical Education in
Disease, Social Construction of Britain and the United States
Disinfection and Fumigation Hospitals in the West to 1900
Drug Resistance in Microorganisms Hospitals since 1900
Dysentery Human Body
Human Immunity and Resistance to
Early Humans, Infectious Diseases in Disease
Ectoparasites Human Immunodeficiency
Ehrlich, Paul Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency
Empiric Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
Encephalitis Human Papilloma Virus and Cervical
Encephalitis, Epidemic Outbreaks Cancer
in the Twentieth Century Human Subjects Research
Enders, John Franklin Humoral Theory
Enteric Fevers
Environment, Ecology, and Epidemic Immunology
Disease Industrialization and Epidemic Disease
Epidemic and Pandemic Industrial Revolution
Epidemiology Influenza
Epidemiology, History of Influenza Pandemic, 1889–1890
Ergotism Influenza Pandemic, 1918–1919
Insect Infestations
Farr, William Insects, Other Arthropods, and Epidemic
Fernel, Jean Disease
Flight International Health Agencies and
Folk Medicine Conventions
Fracastoro, Girolamo Irish Potato Famine and Epidemic
Frost, Wade Hampton Disease, 1845–1850
Islamic Disease Theory and Medicine
Galen
Geopolitics, International Relations, Jenner, Edward
and Epidemic Disease
Germ Theory of Disease Kitasato, Shibasaburo
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Koch, Robert
List of Entries ix
Latin America, Colonial: Demographic Paleopathology
Effects of Imported Diseases Panspermia Theory
Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Paracelsianism
Leeuwenhoek, Antony van Paracelsus
Legionnaires’ Disease Pasteur, Louis
Leprosarium Penicillin
Leprosy Personal Hygiene and Epidemic Disease
Leprosy in the Premodern World Personal Liberties and Epidemic
Leprosy in the United States Disease
Leprosy, Societal Reactions to Pest Houses and Lazarettos
Literature, Disease in Modern Pesticides
London, Great Plague of (1665–1666) Pettenkofer, Max Josef von
Lyme Disease Pharmaceutical Industry
Physician
Magic and Healing Pilgrimage and Epidemic Disease
Malaria Plague and Developments in Public
Malaria and Modern Military History Health, 1348–1600
Malaria in Africa Plague: End of the Second Pandemic
Malaria in Medieval and Early Plague in Africa: Third Pandemic
Modern Europe Plague in Britain, 1500–1647
Malaria in the Americas Plague in China
Malaria in the Ancient World Plague in East Asia: Third Pandemic
Mallon, Mary Plague in Europe, 1500–1770s
Malthusianism Plague in India and Oceania:
Manson, Patrick Third Pandemic
Mather, Increase and Cotton Plague in Medieval Europe,
Measles 1360–1500
Measles, Efforts to Eradicate Plague in San Francisco, 1900–1908
Measles Epidemic in Fiji (1875) Plague in the Contemporary World
and Eugenics Plague in the Islamic World,
Measles in the Colonial Americas 1360–1500
Medical Education in the West, Plague in the Islamic World,
1100–1500 1500–1850
Medical Education in the West, Plague Literature and Art, Early
1500–1900 Modern European
Medical Ethics and Epidemic Disease Plague Memorials
Meningitis Plague of Athens
Microscope Plague of Justinian, First Pandemic
Plagues of the Roman Empire
Napoleonic Wars Plagues of the Roman Republic
Neolithic Revolution and Epidemic Pneumonic and Septicemic Plague
Disease Pneumonic Plague in Surat, Gujarat,
News Media and Epidemic Disease India, 1994
Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Poison Libels and Epidemic Disease
Non-Governmental Organizations Poliomyelitis
(NGOs) and Epidemic Disease Poliomyelitis and American Popular
Nurses and Nursing Culture