Encyclopedia of Perception

1228 Pages·2010·16.41 MB·English

by  E. Bruce Goldstein

volume 1 & 2
&
Copyright © 2010 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher.
For information:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: [email protected]
SAGE Publications Ltd.
1 Oliver’s Yard
55 City Road
London EC1Y 1SP
United Kingdom
SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044
India
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
33 Pekin Street #02-01
Far East Square
Singapore 048763
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of perception/edited by E. Bruce Goldstein.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-4081-8 (cloth)
1. Perception—Encyclopedias. 2. Senses and sensation—Encyclopedias. I. Goldstein, E. Bruce, 1941–
BF311.E497 2010
153.703—dc22 2009010777
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Rolf A. Janke
Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson
Editorial Assistants: Eileen Gallaher, Michele Thompson
Developmental Editor: Carole Maurer
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia M. Gutierrez
Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton
Production Editor: Kate Schroeder
Copy Editors: Amy Freitag, Robin Gold
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreaders: Kevin Gleason, Annie Lubinsky
Indexer: Virgil Diodato
Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya
Marketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay
Contents
Volume 1
Editor and Advisory Board iv
List of Entries v
Reader’s Guide xi
About the Editor xviii
Contributors xix
Introduction xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxi
List of Color Illustrations xxxii
Color Illustrations xxxiii
Entries
A 1 G 469
B 201 H 475
C 233 I 485
D 355 K 513
E 373 L 519
F 445 M 541
Volume 2
Editor and Advisory Board iv
List of Entries v
Reader’s Guide xi
About the Editor xviii
Contributors xix
Introduction xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxi
List of Color Illustrations xxxii
Color Illustrations xxxiii
Entries
N 609 S 873
O 643 T 947
P 713 U 1019
Q 849 V 1025
R 853 W 1137
Index 1147
Editor and Advisory Board
Editor
E. Bruce Goldstein
University of Pittsburgh
University of Arizona
Advisory Board
Richard N. Aslin Steven Hsiao Joseph Anthony Movshon
University of Rochester Johns Hopkins University New York University
Marlene Behrmann Helene Intraub Alva Noe
Carnegie Mellon University University of Delaware University of California,
Berkeley
Randolph Blake Scott P. Johnson
Vanderbilt University University of California, Christopher Plack
Los Angeles University of Manchester
Geoffrey M. Boynton
University of Washington Daniel Kersten Dennis R. Proffitt
University of Minnesota University of Virginia
Paul A. S. Breslin
Monell Chemical Senses Center Roberta L. Klatzky Gary B. Rollman
Carnegie Mellon University University of Western Ontario
Kyle R. Cave
University of Massachusetts Keith Kluender Shihab A. Shamma
University of Wisconsin– University of Maryland
Melvyn Alan Goodale
Madison
University of Western Ontario Steven K. Shevell
Lawrence E. Marks University of Chicago
Deborah Hall
John B. Pierce Laboratory
MRC Institute of Hearing Donald A. Wilson
Research Stephen McAdams New York University
McGill University City University of New York
Mark Hollins
University of North Carolina Suzanne P. McKee
at Chapel Hill Smith-Kettlewell Eye
Research Institute
Tom C. T. Yin
University of William A. Yost
Wisconsin–Madison Arizona State University
List of Entries
Absolute Pitch Attention: Physiological
Acoustics and Concert Halls Attention: Selective
Action and Vision Attention: Spatial
Aesthetic Appreciation of Pictures Attention: Theories of
Aftereffects Attention and Consciousness
Afterimages Attention and Emotion
Ageing and Chemical Senses Attention and Medical Diagnosis
Ageing and Hearing Attention and Memory
Ageing and Touch Attractiveness
Ageing and Vision Audiology
Agnosia: Auditory Audition
Agnosia: Tactile Audition: Cognitive Influences
Agnosia: Visual Audition: Disorders
Air Quality Audition: Loudness
Amblyopia Audition: Pitch Perception
American Sign Language Audition: Temporal Factors
Ames Demonstrations in Perception Auditory Frequency Analysis, Neural
Amodal Perception Auditory Frequency Selectivity
Animal Chemical Sensitivity Auditory Illusions
Animal Color Vision Auditory Imagery
Animal Depth Perception Auditory Localization: Physiology
Animal Eye Movements Auditory Localization: Psychophysics
Animal Eyes Auditory Masking
Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception Auditory Processing: Central
Animal Motion Perception Auditory Processing: Peripheral
Aphasias Auditory Receptors and Transduction
Aromatherapy Auditory Scene Analysis
Art and Perception. See Pictorial Depiction Auditory System: Damage Due to
and Perception Overstimulation
Assistive Technologies for the Blind Auditory System: Evolution of
Atmospheric Phenomena Auditory System: Structure
Attention: Cognitive Influences Auditory Thresholds
Attention: Covert
Attention: Cross-Modal Bayesian Approach
Attention: Disorders Binding Problem
Attention: Divided Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
Attention: Effect of Breakdown Bistable Perception
Attention: Effect on Perception Body Perception
Attention: Object-Based Body Perception: Disorders
v
vi List of Entries
Braille Effort: Perception of
Brain Imaging Electronic Nose
Electroreception
Camouflage Embodied Perception
Causality Emotional Influences on Perception
Cell Phones and Driver Distraction Event Perception
Change Detection Evoked Potential: Audition
Cochlear Implants: Controversy Evoked Potential: Vision
Cochlear Implants: Technology Evolutionary Approach
Color: Genetics of Evolutionary Approach: Perceptual Adaptations
Color: Philosophical Issues Experience-Dependent Plasticity
Color Constancy Extrasensory Perception
Color Deficiency Eye: Structure and Optics
Color Mixing Eye and Limb Tracking
Color Naming Eye Movements: Behavioral
Color Perception Eye Movements: Effects of Neurological and
Color Perception: Physiological Mental Disorders On
Common Chemical Sense (Chemesthesis) Eye Movements: Physiological
Computational Approaches Eye Movements and Action in Everyday Life
Computer Consciousness Eye Movements and Reading
Computer-Generated Speech, Perception of Eye Movements During Cognition and
Computer Graphics and Perception Conversation
Computer Speech Perception Eye Movements During Fixation
Computer Vision Eyes: Evolution of
Consciousness Eyewitness Testimony
Consciousness: Disorders
Constancy Face Perception
Content of Perceptual Experience Face Perception: Physiological
Context Effects in Perception Feature Integration Theory
Contrast Enhancement at Borders Feedback Pathways
Contrast Perception Film (Cinema) Perception
Corollary Discharge Flavor
Cortical Organization Fragrances and Perfume
Cortical Reorganization Following Damage
Cross-Modal Transfer Gestalt Approach
Cultural Effects on Visual Perception Grasping. See Reaching and Grasping
Cutaneous Perception Guidance Systems for Blind People
Cutaneous Perception: Physiology
Hallucinations and Altered Perceptions
Decision Making, Perceptual Haptics
Depth Perception in Pictures/Film Hearing Aids
Digital Imaging Hearing Impairment. See Audition: Disorders
Digital Photography. See Digital Imaging Human–Machine Interface
Direct Perception
Direct Realism. See Naïve Realism Imagery and Perception. See Auditory Imagery;
Dyslexia Olfactory Imagery; Visual Imagery
Impossible Figures
Ear. See Auditory Processing: Peripheral Indirect Nature of Perception
Echolocation Individual Differences in Perception
Ecological Approach Infant Perception
List of Entries vii
Infant Perception: Methods of Testing Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–Auditory
Information Theory Multimodal Interactions: Thermal–Chemical
Intentionality and Perception Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory
Inverted Spectrum Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
Itch, Tickle, and Tingle Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Motor.
See Action and Vision; Perceptual-Motor
Kinesthesia Integration
Music Cognition and Perception
Language Music in Film
Lateral Inhibition
Lazy Eye. See Amblyopia Naïve Realism
Light Measurement Nature and Nurture in Perception
Lightness Constancy Navigation Through Spatial Layout
Lightning and Thunder Neural Coding. See Neural Representation/
Linear and Nonlinear System Analysis Coding
Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Physiological. Neural Prosthetic Systems
See Cortical Reorganization Following Damage Neural Recording
Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological Neural Representation/Coding
Low Vision Neuropsychology of Perception
Nonveridical Perception
Machine Vision. See Computer Vision
Magic and Perception Object Perception
Magnetoencephalography Object Perception: Physiology
Magnitude Estimation and Production. Object Persistence
See Scaling of Sensory Magnitude Olfaction
Maps in the Cortex. See Cortical Organization Olfaction: Disorders
Mary the Color Scientist Olfaction: Evolution of
Material Properties Perception. See Surface and Olfaction: Feature Detection and Integration
Material Properties Perception Olfaction and Reproductive Behavior
McCollough Effect Olfactometry
Melody Perception Olfactory Adaptation
Microstimulation Olfactory Bulb: Functional Architecture
Migraine Olfactory Central Processing
Mind and Body Olfactory Imagery
Mirages Olfactory Localization
Mirror Neurons Olfactory Quality
Modality (Philosophy) Olfactory Receptors and Transduction
Modularity Olfactory Stimulus
Molyneux’s Question Optic Ataxia
Motion Parallax and Structure From Motion Oscillatory Synchrony
Motion Perception Otoacoustic Emissions
Motion Perception: Physiological Out-of-Body Experience
Motion Perception: Social
Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical Pain: Assessment and Measurement
Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis Pain: Cognitive and Contextual
Multimodal Interactions: Olfaction–Taste. Influences
See Flavor Pain: Neuromatrix Theory
Multimodal Interactions: Pain–Touch Pain: Physiological Mechanisms
Multimodal Interaction: Spatial Perception in Pain: Placebo Effects
Touch and Vision Pain: Treatments for Chronic
viii List of Entries
Perception in Unusual Environments Reading. See Eye Movements and Reading
Perceptual Development: Attention Reading Typography
Perceptual Development: Color and Contrast Receptive Fields
Perceptual Development: Face Perception Recognition
Perceptual Development: Hearing Recovery of Vision Following Blindness
Perceptual Development: Imitation Reorganization. See Cortical Reorganization
Perceptual Development: Infant Music Perception Following Damage
Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception Response Time
Perceptual Development: Object Perception Retinal Anatomy
Perceptual Development: Speech Perception Reverse Correlation
Perceptual Development: Taste and Olfaction
Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain Scaling of Sensory Magnitude
Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity Seeing as
Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching Selective Adaptation
Perceptual Development: Visual Object Self-Motion Perception
Permanence and Identity Sense Interactions. See Multimodal Interactions:
Perceptual Developmental Disorders. See Vision: Color–Chemical; Multimodal Interactions:
Developmental Disorders Neural Basis; Multimodal Interactions: Pain–
Perceptual Expertise Touch; Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–
Perceptual Learning Auditory; Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
Perceptual-Motor Integration Sensory Coding. See Neural Representation/
Perceptual Organization: Auditory. See Auditory Coding
Scene Analysis Sensory Rehabilitation
Perceptual Organization: Vision Sensory Restoration and Substitution
Perceptual Representation (Philosophy) Shape Constancy. See Constancy
Perceptual Segregation Signal Detection Theory and Procedures
Phantom Limb Size Perception. See Constancy
Phenomenology (Philosophy) Skin Senses. See Cutaneous Perception
Pheromones Sleep and Dreams
Philosophical Approaches Social Perception
Philosophy: Access and Report Somatic Perception. See Body Perception:
Philosophy: Attention and the Size Disorders
of the Conscious Field Sound Reproduction and Perception
Physiological Approach Sound Stimulus
Pictorial Depiction and Perception Spatial Layout Perception, Neural
Plasticity. See Experience-Dependent Plasticity Spatial Layout Perception, Psychophysical
Positron Emission Tomography. See Brain Imaging Spatial Memory
Priming Speech Perception
Prism Adaptation Speech Perception: Physiological
Private Nature of Perceptual Experience Speech Production
Proprioception Speechreading
Prostheses: Auditory. See Cochlear Implants: Speed of Processing in Sensory Systems
Technology Statistical Learning
Prostheses: Visual Surface and Material Properties Perception
Psychophysical Approach Synesthesia
Psychophysics: Detection
Tactile Acuity
Qualia Tactile Map Reading
Taste
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Taste: Disorders
Reaching and Grasping Taste: Genetics of
List of Entries ix
Taste: Supertasters Visual Acuity
Taste Adaptation Visual Categorization: Physiological Mechanisms
Taste and Food Preferences Visual Deficits. See Low Vision
Taste Receptors and Transduction Visual Disorders: Blindness
Taste Stimuli: Chemical and Food Visual Disorders: Neuropsychological.
Taste System Structure See Neuropsychology of Perception
Taste Thresholds and Intensity Visual Displays
Temperature Perception Visual Filling In and Completion
Texture Perception: Tactile Visual Illusions
Texture Perception: Visual Visual Imagery
Theoretical Approaches Visual Light- and Dark-Adaptation
Theory of Mind Visually Guided Actions
Tickle. See Itch, Tickle, and Tingle Visual Masking
Timbre Perception Visual Memory
Time Course of Perception. See Speed of Visual Perception. See Vision
Processing in Sensory Systems Visual Processing: Extrastriate Cortex
Time Perception Visual Processing: Primary Visual Cortex
Tinnitus Visual Processing: Retinal
Tool Use Visual Processing: Subcortical Mechanisms for
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Gaze Control
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Visual Prostheses. See Prostheses: Visual
Tuning Curves Visual Receptors and Transduction
Visual Scanning. See Eye Movements:
Unconscious Processes Behavioral
Visual Scene Perception
Vestibular System Visual Scene Statistics
Vibratory Perception Visual Search
Video Games Visual Spatial Frequency Analysis
Virtual Reality: Auditory Visual Stimuli
Virtual Reality: Touch/Haptics Visual System: Evolution of
Virtual Reality: Vision Visual System Structure
Visceral Perception Vomeronasal System
Vision
Vision: Cognitive Influences Weight Perception
Vision: Developmental Disorders Wine Tasting
Vision: Temporal Factors Word Recognition