Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of Multimedia
Borko Furht (Ed.)
Encyclopedia of Multimedia
A–Z
With565Figures*and51Tables
*ForcolorfigurespleaseseeourElectronicReferenceonwww.springerlink.com
BorkoFurht
DepartmentChair
DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering
FloridaAtlanticUniversity(FAU)
BocaRaton,FL33431
USA
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008933697
ISBN:978-0-387-74724-8
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Preface
Onlyadecadeago,multimediaseemedlikeabrandnewresearchfieldandanemergingnewindustry.Today,at
thebeginningofthenewmillennium,multimediahascomeofageandthemultimediaindustryhassignificantly
grown.Anotheraspectofthedigitalmediarevolutionistheformationofthenewmediaindustrycomprisedof
computer,communication,entertainment,andconsumerelectroniccompanies.
TheEncyclopediaofMultimedia,2ndEditionprovidesin-depthcoverageoftheimportantconcepts,issuesand
technologytrendsinthefieldofmultimediatechnologies,systems,techniques,andapplications.Itisacompre-
hensive collection of articles that present perspectives and future trends in the field from hundreds of leading
researchersandexpertsinthefield.Thearticlesinthebookdescribeanumberoftopicsinmultimediasystems
and applications – from multimedia servers, to multimedia databases and multimedia networks and commu-
nications,toemergingmultimediaapplications.
Theeditor,workingwiththeEncyclopedia’sEditorialBoardandalargenumberofcontributors,surveyedand
divided the field of multimedia into specific topics that collectively encompass the foundations, technologies,
applications, and emerging elements of this exciting field. The members of the Editorial Board and the
contributors are world experts in the field of multimedia from both academia and industry. The 2nd Edition
includes 10 new members of the Editorial Boards, and more than 60 new contributors, who wrote more than
80 new articles. The total number of contributors in 2nd Edition is over 200, who have written a total of more
than340articles.
The2ndEditionincludesarticlesonnew,emergingtopicsinmultimedia,including3Dcontent-basedsearch
and retrieval, 3D television services, interactive virtual humans, large-scale object-based multimedia storage
systems, knowledge-based adaptation decision, multimedia personalization, video adaptation, authentication,
and stabilization, and manyother topics. Italso includes articles on emerging standards and services including
MPEG-7andMPEG-21,multimediametadatastandards,andmobilebroadcastmulticastservices.Newarticles
on multimedia applications, such as massively multiuser online games, sports video analysis, person detection,
faceandfacialexpressionrecognition,andobjecttrackingarealsopartofthe2ndEdition.
The Encyclopedia’s intended audience is technically diverse and wide; it includes anyone concerned with
multimedia systems and their applications. Specifically, the Encyclopedia can serve as a valuable reference for
researchers and scientists, system designers, engineers, programmers, and managers who areinvolved in multi-
mediasystemdesignandtheirapplications.
IwouldliketothankthemembersoftheEditorialBoardfortheirhelpincreatingthisEncyclopedia,aswellas
the authors for their individual contributions. The members of the Editorial Board assisted in selecting the
articles, they wrote one or more long and short articles, and they solicited the other contributors. Without the
expertiseandeffortofthecontributors,thisEncyclopediawouldneverhavecometofruition.Specialthanksgoto
Springer’s editors and staff, including Jennifer Evans, Susan Lagerstrom-Fife, Jennifer Carlson, and Sharon
Palleschi.Theydeservemysincererecognitionfortheirsupportthroughouttheproject.
BorkoFurht
Editor-in-Chief
BocaRaton,Florida
Table of Contents
ActiveBufferManagementforProvisionofVCRFunctionalities ................................................. 1
AdaptiveEducationalHypermediaSystems ........................................................................ 2
AdaptiveJointSource-ChannelCodingforScalableVideo ....................................................... 3
AdvancesinImageandVideoQualityAssessment ................................................................ 8
AnalyzingPersonInformationinNewsVideo .................................................................... 17
ApplicationsofFaceRecognitionandNovelTrends .............................................................. 21
ArchitectureofCommercialNewsSystems ....................................................................... 22
AudioandVideoInformationinMultimediaNewsSystems .................................................... 24
AudioCompressionandCodingTechniques ...................................................................... 25
AudioConferencing ................................................................................................ 31
AudioStreaming .................................................................................................... 31
AugmentedReality .................................................................................................. 35
AuthoringandSpecification ....................................................................................... 36
AutomatedLectureRecording ..................................................................................... 37
AutomaticGenerationofVideoDocumentaries .................................................................. 43
AvailabilityandScalabilityofLOMSS ............................................................................. 45
BehavioralFacilitation .............................................................................................. 47
BiometricsforUserAuthentication ................................................................................ 48
BlockMatching ..................................................................................................... 55
BroadcastEncryption ............................................................................................... 56
CameraMotions .................................................................................................... 57
CascadingStyleSheets .............................................................................................. 58
CategoriesofVideoServiceinVideoVideo-on-DemandSystem ................................................ 59
CellPhonesandE-Commerce ..................................................................................... 59
CFAImageZooming ............................................................................................... 60
Client–ServerArchitecture ......................................................................................... 61
Client–ServerMultimediaStreaming .............................................................................. 61
CodingofStereoscopicandThreeDimensionalImagesandVideo ............................................. 63
CollaborativeComputing .......................................................................................... 67
CollaborativeVirtualEnvironments ............................................................................... 74
ColorImageFilteringandEnhancement .......................................................................... 75
ColorImageNoise .................................................................................................. 81
ColorImageZooming .............................................................................................. 82
Color-MappedImaging ............................................................................................ 83
CombiningIntra-ImageandInter-ClassSemanticsforImageMatching ........................................ 88
CompressedProgressiveMeshes ................................................................................... 89
viii TableofContents
CompressedVideoSpatio-TemporalSegmentation ............................................................... 89
CompressioninImageSecretSharing ............................................................................. 91
ContentBasedMusicRetrieval ..................................................................................... 92
ContentBasedThreeDimensionalShapeRetrieval ............................................................... 98
ContentDistributionNetwork .................................................................................... 103
ContentExtractionandMetadata ................................................................................ 104
ContentManagementinMultimediaNewsSystems ............................................................. 107
ContentProtectionSolutionsforDigitalHomeNetworks ...................................................... 108
Content-BasedPhotoAlbumManagementUsingFaces ........................................................ 109
Content-UserGapinMPEG-7 .................................................................................... 115
ContextandCurrentMetadataStandards ........................................................................ 118
Context-AwareModelingofMultimediaContent ............................................................... 118
Context-AwareMultimedia ....................................................................................... 119
Context-AwareMusicalAudio .................................................................................... 124
Context-AwareVideoProduction ................................................................................ 125
Context-BasedArithmeticCoding ................................................................................ 125
CreatingAdaptiveCourseTextswithAHA! ...................................................................... 130
DataConferencing ................................................................................................. 133
DataDiscovery,RoutingandTrafficPatterns .................................................................... 133
DataEncryptionStandard(DES)andAdvancedEncryptionStandard(AES) ................................. 135
DataManagementTechniquesforContinuousMediainAd-HocNetworksofWirelessDevices............. 136
DataMiningforVideoCodingandTranscoding ................................................................ 140
DataModeling,Multimedia ....................................................................................... 143
DeadReckoning ................................................................................................... 146
DemosaickedImagePostprocessing .............................................................................. 147
Demosaicking ...................................................................................................... 148
DesignofObject-BasedStorageDevices ......................................................................... 149
DesktopVirtualReality ............................................................................................ 150
DetectionofHigh-LevelConceptsinMultimedia ............................................................... 151
Device-DrivenPresentationofMultimediaContent ............................................................. 158
DiamondSearchforBlockMotionEstimation .................................................................. 159
DigitalBiometrics .................................................................................................. 160
DigitalCameraImageProcessing ................................................................................. 165
DigitalCinema ..................................................................................................... 170
DigitalInpainting .................................................................................................. 171
DigitalRightsManagement ....................................................................................... 176
DigitalWatermarking .............................................................................................. 181
DiscreteCosineTransform(DCT) ................................................................................ 186
DiscreteWaveletTransform(DWT) .............................................................................. 188
DistanceandSimilarityMeasures ................................................................................. 188
TableofContents ix
DistributedMultimediaSystems .................................................................................. 189
DistributedVideoCoding ......................................................................................... 194
Dithering ........................................................................................................... 198
DocumentStandardsinMultimediaNewsSystems ............................................................. 199
EdgeDetection ..................................................................................................... 201
Edge-SensingMechanism ......................................................................................... 202
ElementsofMultimediainEducation ............................................................................ 202
EmbeddingMultipleWatermarksinaTransformDomain ...................................................... 203
EmergentSemantics ............................................................................................... 204
EmotionandMultimediaContent ................................................................................ 204
EncryptioninRTP ................................................................................................. 205
End-to-EndSecurityforMultimediaAdaptation ................................................................ 206
ExperientialMediaSystems ....................................................................................... 212
ExposureValues .................................................................................................... 217
ExtensibleStylesheetLanguage .................................................................................... 218
FaceandFacialExpressionRecognitionusingThreeDimensionalData ....................................... 221
FaceDetection,Tracking,andRecognitionforBroadcastVideo ................................................ 228
FaceRecognition ................................................................................................... 239
FaceRecognitionEvaluationandPilots .......................................................................... 245
FaceRecognition,ThreeDimensional ............................................................................ 245
FacialAnimationandAffectiveHuman–ComputerInteraction ................................................ 246
FairnessinOnlineGames ......................................................................................... 251
FrequencyDomainRepresentationsforThreeDimensionalFaceRecognition ................................ 252
FuzzyTechniquesforContextRepresentation ................................................................... 254
GameAccessibility ................................................................................................. 257
GameEventSynchronization ..................................................................................... 258
GazeTrackingAppliedtoImageIndexing ....................................................................... 258
GenericMultimediaContentAdaptation ........................................................................ 263
GeographicVideoContent ........................................................................................ 271
GIFFormat ......................................................................................................... 272
H.263VideoCompression ........................................................................................ 275
HalftoningBasedVisualSecretSharing(Vss) .................................................................... 277
HapticDevices ..................................................................................................... 277
HapticFeedbackinUserInterfaces ............................................................................... 278
Haptics ............................................................................................................. 279
HarmonicBroadcastingProtocol ................................................................................. 280
HierarchicalVoDSystem .......................................................................................... 281
HighDefinitionLiveStreaming ................................................................................... 282
HuffmanCoding ................................................................................................... 288
HumanComputerInteraction .................................................................................... 289
x TableofContents
HybridTransmissionApproachesforVideo-on-DemandSystem .............................................. 293
Hypercube-BasedMulti-viewVideoCoding ..................................................................... 294
ImageandVideoCapture ......................................................................................... 301
ImageandVideoQualityAssessment ............................................................................ 302
ImageandVideoSuperResolutionTechniques .................................................................. 309
ImageCompressionandCoding .................................................................................. 318
ImageDataRepresentations ....................................................................................... 323
ImageInpainting ................................................................................................... 329
ImageRetrieval .................................................................................................... 330
ImageSearchEngine ............................................................................................... 335
ImageSecretSharing .............................................................................................. 338
ImageWatermarking .............................................................................................. 343
ImageWatermarkingusingVisualCryptography ................................................................ 344
ImmersiveVirtualReality ......................................................................................... 345
InHome,inCar,inFlightEntertainment ........................................................................ 346
IndexingThreeDimensionalScenes .............................................................................. 346
InfraredFaceRecognition ......................................................................................... 352
InfrastructureandEngineering ................................................................................... 353
InpaintinginVirtualRestorationofArtworks ................................................................... 357
IntegratedQoSArchitectureofLOMSS .......................................................................... 358
IntegrationofCollaborativeComputingWithModelingandSimulationTechnologies ....................... 359
1 1
Intel Xscale Micro-Architecture ............................................................................... 360
InteractiveStoryTelling ........................................................................................... 360
InteractiveVirtualHumansinMobileAugmentedReality ...................................................... 362
InteractivityinMultimediaDocumentsandSystems ............................................................ 368
InterleavedAudio .................................................................................................. 370
IPTelephony ....................................................................................................... 371
JFIF(JPEGFileInterchangeFormat) ............................................................................. 377
JPEG ................................................................................................................ 377
JPEG2000ImageCodingStandard ............................................................................... 379
JPEG-LS ............................................................................................................ 386
KeyManagement .................................................................................................. 389
Knowledge-AssistedImageandVideoAnalysis .................................................................. 389
Knowledge-BasedMultimediaAdaptationDecision-Taking .................................................... 391
LargeScaleMultimediaStreaminginHeterogeneousNetworkEnvironments ................................. 395
Large-ScaleObject-BasedMultimediaStorageSystems .......................................................... 400
Large-ScaleVideo-on-DemandSystems .......................................................................... 406
LayeredAccessControlforMpeg-4FineGranularityScalableVideo ........................................... 412
LCDDisplayInterfaces ............................................................................................ 412
LegacyandCurrentPractice–TheRealityofContemporaryCollaborativeComputing ...................... 414
