Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals

1355 Pages·2008·56.84 MB·English

by  William F. Perrin

Encyclopedia of
MARINE
MAMMALS
This page intentionally left blank
Encyclopedia of
MARINE
MAMMALS
Second Edition
Editors
William F. Perrin
Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA
La Jolla, California
Bernd Würsig
Texas A&M University
Galveston, Texas
J. G. M. Thewissen
Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
Rootstown, Ohio
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD
PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA
32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK
The following articles are U.S. government works in the public domain:
“Abundance Estimates” by Anne E. York “Mating Systems” by Sarah L. Mesnick and Katherine Ralls
“Age Estimation” by Aleta A. Hohn “Melon-headed Whale” by Wayne L. Perryman
“Albinism” by Patricia E. Rosel “Mesoplodont Whales” by Robert Pitman
“Australian Snubfi n Dolphin” by Kelly M. Robertson “Minke Whales” by William F. Perrin and Robert L. Brownell, Jr.
“Beaked Whales” by James G. Mead “Museums and Collections” by James G. Mead
“Blue Whale” by William F. Perrin “North Atlantic Marine Mammals” by Debra L. Palka and Gordon T. Waring
“Bowhead Whale” by David J. Rugh “Ocean Environment” by Paul C. Fiedler
“Bryde’s Whales” by William F. Perrin “Pantropical Spotted Dolphin” by William F. Perrin
“California, Galapagos and Japanese Sea Lions” by William F. Perrin “Population Dynamics” by Paul R. Wade
“Cetacean Ecology” by Lisa T. Ballance “Population Status and Trends” by Jay Barlow
“Cetacean Life History” by Susan J. Chivers “Pygmy Killer Whale” by Meghan A. Donahue and Wayne L. Perryman
“Climate Change” by Sue E. Moore “Ribbon Seal” by Peter Boveng
“Coloration” by William F. Perrin “Right Whale Dolphins” by Jessica D. Lipsky
“Common Dolphins” by William F. Perrin “Rookeries” by George Anthony Antonelis
“Crabeater Seal” by John L. Bengtson “Sexual Dimorphism” by Sarah Mesnick and Katherine Ralls
“Cuvier’s Beaked Whale” by James G. Mead “Shepherd’s Beaked Whale” by James G. Mead
“Elephant Seals” by William F. Perrin “South American Sea Lion” by William F. Perrin
“Endangered Species and Populations” by Douglas P. DeMaster, “Species” by William F. Perrin
Richard Merrick and Gregory K. Silber “Spinner Dolphin” by William F. Perrin
“Gastrointestinal Tract” by James G. Mead “Stock Assessment” by Jeffrey M. Breiwick and Anne E. York
“Genetics for Management” by Phillip A. Morin “Stranding” by William F. Perrin
“Geographic Variation” by William F. Perrin “Striped Dolphin” by Frederick I. Archer, II
“History of Marine Mammal Research” by William F. Perrin “Surveys” by Karin A. Forney
“Humpback Whale” by Phillip J. Clapham “Sustainability” by Charles W. Fowler
“Indo-Pacifi c Beaked Whale” by Robert Pitman “Tuna-Dolphin Issue” by Tim Gerrodette
“Krill and Other Plankton” by Roger Hewitt and Jessica D. Lipsky “Whaling, Modern” by Phillip J. Clapham
“Management” by Jay Barlow “Whaling, Illegal and Pirate” by Robert L. Brownell
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone ((cid:2)44) (0) 1865 843830;
fax ((cid:2)44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively visit the Science and Technology Books web site at
www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9
For information on all Academic Press publications
visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com
Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company. (www.macmillansolutions.com)
Printed and bound in the United States of America
9 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
CONTENTS BY SUBJECT AREA xv Antarctic Marine Mammals 42
Ian L. Boyd
CONTRIBUTORS xviii
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxx
Archaeocetes, Archaic 46
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxxi J.G.M. Thewissen
GUIDE TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIA xxxiii
Arctic Marine Mammals 48
John J. Burns
A
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin 54
(Stenella frontalis)
William F. Perrin
Abundance Estimation 1
Stephen T. Buckland and Anne E. York Atlantic White-Sided Dolphin 56
(Lagenorhynchus acutus)
Aerial Behavior 5
Frank Cipriano
Bernd Würsig and Hal Whitehead
Australian Sea Lion 58
Age Estimation 11
(Neophoca cinerea)
Aleta A. Hohn
John K. Ling
Aggressive Behavior, Intraspecifi c 18
Australian Snubfi n Dolphin 62
Claudio Campagna
(Orcaella heinsohni)
Kelly M. Robertson and Peter W. Arnold
Albinism 24
Dagmar Fertl and Patricia E. Rosel
Azorean Whaling 64
Richard Ellis
Amazon River Dolphin 26
(Inia geoffrensis)
Vera M.F. da Silva
B
Ambergris 28
Dale W. Rice Baculum 68
Edward H. Miller
Anatomical Dissection: Thorax
and Abdomen 29 Baiji 71
John E. Reynolds, III and Sentiel A. Rommel (Lipotes vexillifer)
Kaiya Zhou
Antarctic Fur Seal 36
(Arctocephalus gazella) Balance 76
Jaume Forcada and Iain J. Staniland Fred Spoor
vi Contents
Baleen 78 Brain 134
Dale W. Rice Helmut H.A. Oelschläger and
Jutta S. Oelschläger
Baleen Whales (Mysticetes) 80
John L. Bannister Brain Size Evolution 149
Lori Marino
Barnacles 89
Breathing 152
Dagmar Fertl and William A. Newman
Douglas Wartzok
Basilosaurids 91
Breeding Sites 156
Mark D. Uhen
Mark A. Hindell
Beaked Whales, Overview 94 Bryde’s Whales 158
(Ziphiidae) (Balaenoptera edeni/B. brydei)
James G. Mead Hidehiro Kato and William F. Perrin
Bearded Seal 97 Burmeister’s Porpoise 163
(Erignathus barbatus) (Phocoena spinipinnis)
Kit M. Kovacs Julio C. Reyes
Behavior, Overview 101 Bycatch 167
Peter L. Tyack Simon Northridge
Beluga Whale 108
C
(Delphinapterus leucas)
Gregory M. O’corry-Crowe
California, Galapagos, and Japanese
Biogeography 112
Sea Lions 170
Rick Leduc
(Zalophus californianus, Z. wollebaeki,
and Z. japonicus)
Blubber 115
Carolyn B. Heath and William F. Perrin
Sara J. Iverson
Callosities 176
Blue Whale 120
Mason T. Weinrich
(Balaenoptera musculus)
Richard Sears and William F. Perrin
Captive Breeding 178
Todd R. Robeck, Justine K. O’Brien and
Bones and Teeth, Histology of 124
Daniel K. Odell
Mary C. Maas
Captivity 183
Bottlenose Whales 129
Peter Corkeron
(Hyperoodon ampullatus and H. planifrons)
Shannon Gowans Caspian and Baikal Seals 188
(Pusa caspica and Pusa sibirica)
Bowhead Whale 131 Nobuyuki Miyazaki
(Balaena mysticetus)
David J. Rugh and Kim E.W. Shelden Cephalorhynchus Dolphins 191
(C. heavisidii, C. eutropia, C. hectori, and
Bow-Riding 133 C. commersonii)
Bernd Würsig Stephen M. Dawson
Contents vii
Cetacean Ecology 196 Crabeater Seal 290
Lisa T. Ballance (Lobodon carcinophaga)
John L. Bengtson
Cetacean Evolution 201
R. Ewan Fordyce Culture in Whales and Dolphins 292
Hal Whitehead
Cetacean Fossil Record 207
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale 294
R. Ewan Fordyce
(Ziphius cavirostris)
John E. Heyning and James G. Mead
Cetacean Life History 215
Susan J. Chivers
D
Cetacean Prenatal Development 220
Joy S.Reidenberg and Jeffrey
T. Laitman
Dall’s Porpoise 296
(Phocoenoides dalli)
Circulatory System 230
Thomas A. Jefferson
Paul J. Ponganis
Delphinids, Overview 298
Classifi cation (Overall) 234
Rick LeDuc
Dale W. Rice
Dental Morphology, Evolution of 302
Climate Change 238
Mark D. Uhen
Sue E. Moore
Desmostylia 307
Clymene Dolphin 241
Daryl P. Domning
(Stenella clymene)
Thomas A. Jefferson Dialects 310
John K.B. Ford
Coloration 243
William F. Perrin Diet 311
Nélio B. Barros and Malcolm R. Clarke
Common Bottlenose Dolphin 249
(Tursiops truncatus) Distribution 316
Randall S. Wells and Michael D. Scott Jaume Forcada
Common Dolphins 255 Diving Behavior 321
(Delphinus delphis and D. capensis) Brent S. Stewart
William F. Perrin
Diving Physiology 327
Communication in Marine Mammals 260 Gerald L. Kooyman
Kathleen M. Dudzinski, Jeanette A. Thomas
and Justin D. Gregg Dugong 332
(Dugong dugon)
Competition with Fisheries 269 Helene Marsh
Éva E. Plagányi and Douglas S. Butterworth
Dusky Dolphin 335
Conservation Efforts 275 (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)
Randall R. Reeves Koen Van Waerebeek and Bernd Würsig
viii Contents
E F
Eared Seals 339 False Killer Whale 405
(Otariidae) (Pseudorca crassidens)
Roger L. Gentry Robin W. Baird
Earless Seals 342 Feeding Morphology 406
(Phocidae) Christopher D. Marshall
Mike O. Hammill
Feeding Strategies and Tactics 414
Echolocation 348 Michael R. Heithaus and Lawrence
Whitlow W.L. Au M. Dill
Female Reproductive Systems 423
Ecological Effects of Marine
R.E.A. Stewart and B.E. Stewart
Mammals 357
James A. Estes
Filter Feeding 429
Donald A. Croll, Bernie R. Tershy and
Ecology, Overview 361
Kelly M. Newton
Bernd Würsig
Fin Whale 433
Elephant Seals 364
(Balaenoptera physalus)
(Mirounga angustirostris and
Alex Aguilar
M. leonina)
Mark A. Hindell and William F. Perrin
Finless Porpoise 437
(Neophocaena phocaenoides)
Endangered Species and Populations 368
Masao Amano
Richard Merrick, Gregory K. Silber,
Douglas P. DeMaster, and
Fisheries, Interference With 439
John E. Reynolds, III
Dagmar Fertl
Endocrine Systems 375
Fishing Industry, Effects Of 443
Shannon Atkinson, David St. Aubin, and
Simon Northridge
Rudy M. Ortiz
Folklore and Legends 447
Energetics 383 Rochelle Constantine
Daniel P. Costa
Forelimb Anatomy 449
Entrapment and Entanglement 391 Lisa Noelle Cooper
Jon Lien
Forensic Genetics 453
Estrus and Estrous Behavior 392 C. Scott Baker and Merel L. Dalebout
Daryl J. Boness
Fossil Sites, Noted 459
Ethics and Marine Mammals 396 R. Ewan Fordyce
Marc Bekoff
Franciscana Dolphin 466
Extinctions, Specifi c 402 (Pontoporia blainvillei)
Deborah A. Duffi eld Enrique A. Crespo
Contents ix
Fraser’s Dolphin 469 Harbor Seal and Spotted Seal 533
(Lagenodelphis hosei) (Phoca vitulina and P. largha)
M. Louella L. Dolar John J. Burns
Harp Seal 542
G
(Pagophilus groenlandicus)
David M. Lavigne
Gastrointestinal Tract 472
Health 546
James G. Mead
Joseph R. Geraci and Valerie J. Lounsbury
Genetics for Management 477
Phillip A. Morin and Andrew E. Dizon Hearing 553
Sirpa Nummela
Genetics, Overview 483
Per J. Palsbøll Hind Limb Anatomy 562
Peter J. Adam
Geographic Variation 492
William F. Perrin History of Marine Mammal Research 565
Bernd Würsig, William F. Perrin and
Giant Beaked Whales 498
J.G.M. Thewissen
(Berardius bairdii andB. arnuxii)
Toshio Kasuya Hooded Seal 569
(Cystophora cristata)
Gray Seal 500
Kit M. Kovacs
(Halichoerus grypus)
Ailsa Hall and David Thompson Hourglass Dolphin 573
(Lagenorhynchus cruciger)
Gray Whale 503
R. Natalie P. Goodall
Eschrichtius robustus
Mary Lou Jones and Steven L. Swartz Humpback Dolphins 576
(Sousa chinensis and S. teuszii)
Group Behavior 511
Guido J. Parra and Graham J.B. Ross
Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez
Humpback Whale 582
(Megaptera novaeangliae)
H
Phillip J. Clapham
Habitat Pressures 521 Hunting of Marine Mammals 585
Peter G.H. Evans Randall R. Reeves
Habitat Use 524 Hybridism 588
Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez Martine Bérubé
Hair and Fur 529
Pamela K. Yochem and Brent S. Stewart I
Harbor Porpoise 530
(Phocoena phocoena) Identifi cation Methods 593
Arne Bjørge and Krystal A. Tolley Randall S. Wells