Encyclopedia of Insects, Second Edition

1169 Pages·2009·34.2 MB·English

by  Vincent H. Resh

Encyclopedia of

INSECTS
This page intentionally left blank
Encyclopedia of
INSECTS

Second Edition
Editors

Vincent H. Resh

University of California, Berkeley
Ring T. Carde´
University of California, Riverside
A MSTERDAM • BOSTON • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS
SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Cover Art: The jewel scarab, Chrysina cusuquensis, known only from a fragment of forest in northern Guatemala
(Photograph courtesy of David Hawks).
Letter-Opening Photo Credits:
R: Snakefl y (Raphidioptera) photographed at Nanaimo (Vancouver Island), British Columbia, Canada.
(Photograph Copyright © Jay Patterson.)
Y: Aedes aegypti , Uganda strain (a vector of yellow fever), bloodfeeding from the photographer’s hand.
(Photograph by Leonard E. Munstermann.)
Other letter-opening photographs furnished by the authors. (See relevant article for credit.)
Copyright Exceptions:
“ Cat Fleas ” by Nancy C. Hinkle and Michael K. Rust, “ Cell Culture ” by Dwight E. Lynn, “ Extension Entomology ” by
Nancy C. Hinkle, Beverly Sparks, Linda J. Mason, and Karen M. Vail, and “ Nomenclature and Classifi cation, Principles
of ” by F. Christian Thompson are in the public domain.
“ Embiidina ” by Edward S. Ross, Figures 1–4 Copyright © Edward S. Ross. “Swimming, Lake Insects” by Werner Nachtigall,
Figures 1–3 Copyright © Werner Nachtigall. “W olbachia ” by Richard Stouthamer, Figure 1 Copyright © Richard Stouthamer.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Second edition 2009
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ISBN: 978-0-12-374144-8
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09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
CONTENTS BY SUBJECT AREA xvii Anatomy: Head, Thorax,
CONTRIBUTORS xxi Abdomen, and Genitalia 11
David H. Headrick and Gordon Gordh
GUIDE TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIA xxx
FOREWORD xxxii
Anopheles Mosquito 21
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxxiv see Mosquitoes
PREFACE xxxv
Anoplura 21
ABOUT THE EDITORS xxxvi
see Phthiraptera
Antennae 21
A
Catherine Loudon
Acari 1 Ants 24
see Mites; Ticks Nigel R. Franks
Accessory Glands 1 Aphids 27
Diana E. Wheeler John T. Sorensen
Acoustic Behavior 2 Apis Species 31
see Hearing Eva Crane
Aedes Mosquito 2 Aposematic Coloration 33
see Mosquitoes Mathieu Joron
Aestivation 2 Apterygota 38
Sinzo Masaki Ring T. Card é and Vincent H. Resh
Aquatic Habitats 38
Africanized Bees 4
Richard W. Merritt and J. Bruce Wallace
see Neotropical African Bees
Arachnida 48
Agricultural Entomology 4
see Daddy-Long-Legs; Mites; Scorpions;
Marcos Kogan and Ronald Prokopy
Spiders; Ticks; Vinegaroons
Alderfl y 8
Archaeognatha 48
see Megaloptera
Helmut Sturm
Amber 8 Arthropoda and Related Groups 50
George Poinar Jr. James H. Thorp
vi Contents
Auchenorrhyncha 56 Blood 112
Christopher H. Dietrich see Circulatory System
Autohemorrhage 64 Blood Sucking 112
V incent H. Resh M. J. Lehane
Autotomy 64 Body Size 114
Ring T. Cardé Christer Bj ö rkman, Karl Gotthard,
and Mats W. Pettersson
Boll Weevil 116
B R. N. Foster
Bombyx mori 117
Bedbugs 65 Satoshi Takeda
Christiane Weirauch and Alec C. Gerry
Book Louse 119
Bee 66 see Psocoptera
see Apis Species
Borers 119
Beekeeping 66 Timothy D. Paine
Eva Crane
Brain and Optic Lobes 121
Bee Products 71 Nicholas J. Strausfeld
Eva Crane
Bristletail 130
Beetle 75 see Archaeognatha
see Coleoptera
Bubonic Plague 130
Biodiversity 75 Irwin W. Sherman
Nigel E. Stork
Biogenic Amines 80
Arnd Baumann, Wolfgang Blenau, C
and Joachim Erber
Biogeographical Patterns 82 Caddisfl y 133
Peter Zwick see Trichoptera
Biological Control of Insect Pests 91 Caste 133
M. S. Hoddle and R. G. Van Driesche Sean O’Donnell
Bioluminescence 101 Caterpillars 135
James E. Lloyd and Erin C. Gentry Frederick W. Stehr
Biotechnology and Insects 105 Cat Fleas 138
Bryony C. Bonning Nancy C. Hinkle and Michael K. Rust
Blattodea 108 Cave Insects 139
Donald G. Cochran Francis G. Howarth
Contents vii
Cell Culture 144 Collection and Preservation 201
Dwight E. Lynn Charles V. Covell Jr.
Chemical Defense 145 Collembola 206
Murray S. Blum K enneth A. Christiansen, Peter Bellinger
and Frans Janssens
Chemoreception 148
B. K. Mitchell Colonies 210
Sean O’Donnell
Chiggers and Other
Disease-Causing Mites 152
Colorado Potato Beetle 212
Larry G. Arlian
George G. Kennedy
Chitin 156
Coloration 213
Ephraim Cohen
Helen Ghiradella
Chromosomes 158
Graham C. Webb Commercialization of Insects and
Their Products 220
Chrysalis 162 Gail E. Kampmeier and Michael E. Irwin
Frederick W. Stehr
C onservation 227
Cicadas 163 Tim R. New
Maxwell S. Moulds
Crickets 232
Circadian Rhythms 165 Richard D. Alexander and Daniel Otte
Terry L. Page
Crypsis 236
Circulatory System 169 Paul M. Brakefi eld
Thomas A. Miller and G ü nther Pass
Cultural Entomology 239
Classifi cation 173 James N. Hogue
see Nomenclature and Classifi cation
Cuticle 245
Cockroach 173 Svend O. Andersen
see Blattodea
Cocoon 173 D
Frederick W. Stehr
Codling Moth 174 Daddy-Long-Legs 247
Stephen C. Welter Gonzalo Giribet
Coevolution 175 Damselfl y 248
Douglas J. Futuyma see Odonata
Cold/Heat Protection 179 Dance Language 248
David L. Denlinger P. Kirk Visscher
Coleoptera 183 DDT 251
Joseph V. McHugh and James K. Liebherr Fumio Matsumura
viii Contents
Defensive Behavior 252 Drosophila melanogaster 301
Justin O. Schmidt Patrick M. O’Grady
Delusory Parasitosis 257 Dung Beetles 304
see Ekbom Syndrome James Ridsdill-Smith and
Leigh W. Simmons
Dengue 257
Thomas W. Scott
E
Dermaptera 259
Susan M. Rankin and James O. Palmer
Earwig 308
Development, Hormonal Control of 261 see Dermaptera
Michael E. Adams
Ecdysis 308
see Molting
Diapause 267
David L. Denlinger
Ecdysteroids 308
Michael E. Adams
Digestion 271
Walter R. Terra Eggs 311
Diana E. Wheeler
Digestive System 273
Walter R. Terra and Cl é lia Ferreira Egg Coverings 312
Diana E. Wheeler
Diplura 281
Ekbom Syndrome 313
Markus Koch
Nancy C. Hinkle
Diptera 284
Embiidina 315
Richard W. Merritt, Gregory
Edward S. Ross
W. Courtney, and Joe B. Keiper
Embryogenesis 316
Diversity 297 Lisa Nagy and Miodrag Grbic´
see Biodiversity
Endangered Insects 320
Division of Labor in Insect Societies 297
Scott Hoffman Black and
Gene E. Robinson
Mace Vaughan
Dobsonfl y 299
Endopterygota 324
see Megaloptera
Ring T. Card é
Dog Heartworm 299 Entomological Societies 324
Edward G. Platzer Alan I. Kaplan
Dormancy 300 Ephemeroptera 328
Richard E. Lee Jr. John E. Brittain and Michel Sartori
Dragonfl y 301 Estivation 334
see Odonata see Aestivation
Contents ix
Evolution 334 Fossil Record 396
see Phylogeny of Insects David Grimaldi
Excretion 334
Freshwater Habitats 403
Timothy J. Bradley
see Aquatic Habitats
Exopterygota 339
Fruit Fly 403
Ring T. Card é
see Drosophila melanogaster
Exoskeleton 339
Svend O. Andersen
G
Extension Entomology 342
Nancy C. Hinkle, Beverly Sparks,
Linda J. Mason, and Karen M. Vail
Gallmaking and Insects 404
Katherine N. Schick and Donald L. Dahlsten
Eyes and Vision 345
Michael F. Land
Genetically Modifi ed Plants 406
David A. Andow
F
Genetic Engineering 410
Peter W. Atkinson and David A. O’Brochta
Fat Body 356
Ephraim Cohen Genetic Variation 416
George K. Roderick and Maria Navajas
Feeding Behavior 357
R. F. Chapman
Grasshopper 419
see Orthoptera
Fire Ants 362
Les Greenberg
Genomics 419
Flea 364 Peter Arensburger and Peter W. Atkinson
see Siphonaptera
Grassland Habitats 424
Flight 364 Teja Tscharntke, Ingolf Steffan-
Michael Dickinson and Robert Dudley Dewenter, Andreas Kruess, and
Carsten Thies
Fly 372
see Diptera
Greenhouse Gases,
Global Warming, and Insects 428
Folk Beliefs and Superstitions 372
Peter Stiling
James N. Hogue
Growth, Individual 431
Food, Insects as 376
Martin B. Berg and Richard W. Merritt
Gene R. DeFoliart
Forensic Entomology 381 Grylloblattodea 434
M. Lee Goff D. C. F. Rentz and Sigfrid Ingrisch
Forest Habitats 386 Gypsy Moth 435
David L. Wood and Andrew J. Storer Joseph S. Elkinton