Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition

8357 Pages·2018·82.72 MB·English

Encyclopedia of
Information Science
and Technology, Fourth
Edition
Mehdi Khosrow-Pour
Information Resources Management Association, USA
Published in the United States of America by
IGI Global
Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue
Hershey PA, USA 17033
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.igi-global.com
Copyright © 2018 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi, 1951- editor.
Title: Encyclopedia of information science and technology / Mehdi
Khosrow-Pour, editor.
Description: Fourth edition. | Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference,
[2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017000834| ISBN 9781522522553 (set : hardcover) | ISBN
9781522522560 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Information science--Encyclopedias. | Information
technology--Encyclopedias.
Classification: LCC Z1006 .E566 2018 | DDC 020.3--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017000834

British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected].
This book is dedicated to the memory of my late father for the love and care that he always displayed
for his family, and for teaching me the importance of humanitarianism. Also, to my wife, Olga, and
our son, Darius, for filling my life with so much love, joy, and happiness.

Editorial Advisory Board
Ari-VeikkoAnttiroiko,University of Tampere, Finland
S.AnnieBecker,Florida Institute of Technology, USA
ShirleyM.Fedorovich,Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA
Wen-ChenHu,University of North Dakota, USA
JerzyKisielnicki,Warsaw University, Poland
InLee,Western Illinois University, USA
JamesA.Rodger,Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA
AriSigal,Catawba Valley Community College, USA
LawrenceA.Tomei,Robert Morris University, USA
JohnWang,Montclair State University, USA
LiudongXing,University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, USA
JordiVallverdú,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Editorial Review Board
MifrahAhmad,Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
BasharShahirAhmed,University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco
DanielAlemneh,University of North Texas, USA
SalamOmarAli,Brighton College, UAE
PaulAnkomah,North Carolina A&T University, USA
AndreaAtzeni,Politecnico di Torino, Italy
DaniloAvola,Sapienza University, Italy
IhuomaBabatope,Delta State Univeristy Abraka/ Delta State College of Physical Education,
Mosogar, Nigeria
MihaelaBadea,Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania
SurajitBag,Tega Industries South Africa Pty Ltd, South Africa
KannanBalasubramanian,Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India
NeetaBaporikar,Namibia University of Science and Technology, Nigeria
Nomathamsanqa(Thami)Batyashe,Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa
ClementinaBruno,University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
ClaudiaCappelli,Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
CalinCiufudean,Stefan cel Mare University, Romania
ÁngelaCoello,University of Vigo, Spain
EduardoContreras,Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico
CarolineCrawford,University of Houston-Clear Lake, United States
PhilCrosby,Curtin University, Australia
NicolettaDessì,Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
NicDunham,Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand



ChristopheDuret,Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
AlexanderFridman,Russian Academy of Sciences, IIMM KSC RAS, Russia
DraženaGašpar,University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
CiaraHeavin,University College Cork, Ireland
MasoudHemmatpour,Politecnico di Torino, Italy
AdamkoloMohammedIbrahim,University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
ShigeruIkuta,Otsuma Women’s University, Japan
GiuseppeIurato,University of Palermo, Italy
GeorgeJamil,Informações em Rede, Brazil
JurgenJanssens,TETRADE Consulting, Belgium
MichaelJosefowicz,Nemetics Institute Kolkata, USA
PrateekKalia,I.K Gujral Punjab Technical University, India
YefimKatz,Chestnut Hill College, USA
NadimAkhtarKhan,University of Kashmir, India
MariaKoleva,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
RaghuramanKoteeswaran,SASTRA University, India
PriyaKrishnamoorthy,SASTRA University, India
SeferKurnaz,Istanbul Esenyurt University, Turkey
TrentLarson,North Carolina A&T University, USA,
ElviraLocuratolo,ISTI, Italy
RonaldLofaro,Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA
GeethaMariappan,Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, India
M.K.Marichelvam,Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India
GilbertoMarzano,Rezekne University of Applied Sciences, Latvia
LincyMathews,M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, India
KarimMezghani,Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Tunisia
EmiliaMikolajewska,Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus
University in Torun, Poland
DariuszMikolajewski,Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland
VardanMkrttchian,HHH University, Australia
JessinaMuthee,Kenyatta University, Kenya
AntonioOsorio,University of Minho, Portugal
LeoPaschoal,Federal University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
PrantoshPaul,Raiganj University, India
DaniloPiaggesi,FRAmericas, International Knowledge Economy Program (IKEP), USA
DianaPresada,Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania
MohdRahman,Aligarh Muslim University, India
N.RaghavendraRao,FINAIT Consultancy Services, India
JoséRascão,Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal
FilipaRibeiro,University of Porto, Portugal
GerasimosRigatos,Industrial Systems Institute, Greece
JohnRobinson,Bishop Heber College, India
JuanRodriguez,UNICEN CONICET, Argentina
IsabelRomero,University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

RoyaRouzbehani,University of Tehran, Iran
JohnC.Sandvig,Western Washington University, USA
FrancescaSgobbi,University of Brescia, Italy
HumaShah,Coventry University, UK
DollySharma,PEC University of Technology, India
TeayShawyun,King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
ZeljkoStojanov,University of Novi Sad, Serbia
ApostolosSyropoulos,Greek Molecular Computing Group, Greece
SafiyeTurgay,Sakarya University, Turkey
ImmanuelUmukoro,Lagos Business School, Pan Atlantic University, Nigeria
TugbaUcmaUysal,Mugla Sitki Koçman University, Turkey
JTVelikovsky,University of Newcastle, Australia
LauraVettraino,Learning Community, Italy
RevathiViswanathan,B.S. Abdur Rahman University, India
YeWang,Zhejiang Gongshang University, China
TingshaoZhu,Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
List of Contributors
A, Vadivel /National Institute of Technology Trichy, India..............................................................212
Abad, Lalaine P./Department of Education, Philippines..............................................................2466
Abdelhafez, Hoda Ahmed/Suez Canal University, Egypt...............................................................406
Abdou, Tamer /Suez Canal University, Egypt...............................................................................7399
Abdrakhmanova, Gulnara /National Research University Higher School of Economics,
Russia.........................................................................................................................................4704
Aboud, Sattar J./University of Bedfordshire, UK..........................................................................4898
Adhikari, Arnab /Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, India.................................................7234
Adibfar, Alireza /University of Florida, USA..................................................................................539
Agrawal, Shaila /Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, India............................4872
Agrey, Renae /The University of Queensland, Australia...............................................................5433
Aguilar-Moreno, Estefanía /Universitat Jaume I of Castellón, Spain..........................................3473
Agwae, Uruemu /Carleton University, Canada.............................................................................1684
Ahmad, Mifrah /Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia......................................................3337
Ahmed, Bashar Shahir/University Abdelmalek Essaadi (LEROSA Laborator), Morocco..........1616
Ahmed, Rukhsana /University of Ottawa, Canada.......................................................................6083
Akahane-Yamada, Reiko /Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International
(ATR), Japan..............................................................................................................................3850
Akalan, Nazif Ekin/Istanbul University, Turkey.............................................................................298
Akhtar, Saliha /Seton Hall University, USA..................................................................................7181
Akolkar, Rajshree Tushar/Zeal College of Engineering and Research, India.............................4099
Akyuz, Goknur Arzu/University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Turkey...........................5285
Alba-Elías, Fernando /Universidad de La Rioja, Spain................................................................1934
Alberg, Dima /Shamoon College of Engineering (SCE), Israel......................................................364
Alemneh, Daniel G./University of North Texas, USA....................................................................6748
Alharbi, Ali H./Qassim University, Saudi Arabia................................................................1249,3448
Ali, Salam Omar/Brighton Collage Al Ain, UAE..........................................................................7647
Al-Khalifa, Hend S./King Saud University, Saudi Arabia............................................................4652
Al-Marzouqi, Mohamed /UAE University, UAE..........................................................................3043
Almeida, Fernando /Polytechnic Institute of Gaya, Portugal.........................................................800
Almeida, Gustavo de Oliveira/Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil..............754
Almunawar, Hasan Jawwad/P. T. Tegar Kupas Mediatama, Indonesia......................................1101
Almunawar, Mohammad Nabil/Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei...................1101,5908,7369
Alnowibet, Khalid /King Saud University, Saudi Arabia..............................................................1570
Al-Rousan, Thamer /Isra University, Pakistan.............................................................................7549


Al-Salman, Abdulmalik /King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.....................................................4652
Altun, Arif /Hacettepe University, Turkey.....................................................................................1441
Alves, Domingos /University of São Paulo, Brazil.........................................................................3782
Amoros, Francisco /Miguel Hernandez University, Spain............................................................6894
Amroush, Fadi /Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.......................................................................1616
Amuda, Caleb Okoro/University of Ibadan, Nigeria....................................................................2303
Anderson, Billie /Ferris State University, USA.............................................................................7140
Andrade, Maria Teresa/University of Porto, Portugal.................................................................6031
Andreev, Rumen D./Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information and
Communication Technologies, Bulgaria....................................................................................2188
Ankomah, Paul /North Carolina A&T State University, USA.......................................................4113
Anshari, Muhammad /Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei...........................................5908,7369
Anton, Jose Luis Monroy/La Ribera University Hospital, Spain.................................................5787
Antonino, Ardilio /Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Germany............................4560
Aragaki, Madoka /Business Breakthrough University, Japan......................................................4962
Arana, Loredana /University of Phoenix, USA.............................................................................5650
Araujo, Andre /Texas A&M University, USA..................................................................................720
Arias, Vladimir Santiago/Texas Tech University, USA.................................................................7069
Arner, Tracy /Kent State University, USA.....................................................................................6388
Arora, Richa /Regenesys Institute of Management, India.............................................................2882
Arshad, Noreen Izza/Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia...............................................3337
Arslan, Yunus Ziya/Istanbul Univesity, Turkey...............................................................298,492,7470
Artizzu, Valentino /University of Cagliari, Italy...........................................................................3273
Arumugam, Sivasankar /Sri Venkateswara College of Education, India....................................2599
Askarany, Davood /University of Auckland, New Zealand...........................................................2166
Atzeni, Andrea /Politecnico di Torino, Italy..................................................................................5004
Atzori, Barbara /University of Florence, Italy..............................................................................5955
Aubin, Verónica Inés/Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Argentina......................................4643
Averweg, Udo Richard/eThekwini Municipality, South Africa.....................................................7106
Ávila, Liliana /University of Aveiro, Portugal..................................................................................888
Avola, Danilo /University of Udine, Italy.......................................................................................6195
Aymerich-Franch, Laura /CNRS-AIST JRL (Joint Robotics Laboratory), AIST, Japan.............4234
Azevedo, Ana /Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal.................................................................1907
Aziz, Abdul /Usman Institute of Technology, Pakistan....................................................................166
Babatope, Ihuoma Sandra/Delta State College of Physical Education, Nigeria.........................5252
Badea, Mihaela /Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania.................................................3945
Baeva, Liudmila Vladimirovna/Astrakhan State University, Russia...........................................4189
Bag, Surajit /Tega Industries South Africa Pty Ltd., South Africa................................................3086
Bailetti, Tony /Carleton University, Canada.................................................................................1684
Balamurugan B/VIT University, India..........................................................................................1075
Balasubramanian, Kannan /Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, India...................................4975
Balasubramanian, Senthilarasu /National Institute of Technology, India.......................................49
Baldini, Gianmarco /European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Italy................................6136
Ballesteros, Carlos /Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Spain........................................................1638
Banaji, Shakuntala /LSE, UK.......................................................................................................3667
Banihashemi, Saeed /University of Technology Sydney, Australia.................................................539

Baporikar, Neeta /Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia & University of
Pune, India.................................................................................................................................2989
Barlow, Michael /University of New South Wales, Australia..........................................................156
Barrett, Diane /Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA.....................................................1356
Bartens, Yannick /University of Hamburg, Germany.....................................................................601
Basham, Randy /University of Texas at Arlington, USA...............................................................1407
Basu, Rounaq /Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India......................................................7843
Bates, Paul /University of Southern Queensland, Australia..........................................................7869
Battistella, Gaetano /ISPRA, Italy.................................................................................................3156
Batyashe, Thami /Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa...................................810
Bayındır, Levent /Ataturk University, Turkey................................................................................6286
Bayousuf, Abeer /King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.................................................................4652
Bedesem, Pena L./Kent State University, USA..............................................................................6388
Belalem, Ghalem /University of Es Senia Oran1, Algeria............................................................1116
Belikov, Olga /Brigham Young University, USA............................................................................6779
Bellar, Wendi R./Texas A&M University, USA..............................................................................6161
Ben Hamida, Ahmed /University of Sfax, Tunisia..........................................................................106
Ben Maati, Mohammed /University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco............................................1616
Ben-Abdallah, Hanêne /King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.................................................765
Benazeer, Shahzada /University of Antwerp, Belgium..................................................................5317
Bennett, Sue /University of Wollongong, Australia.......................................................................2512
Bergenti, Federico /Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy...........................................................6950
Bessette, Dustin /National Graduate School of Quality Management, USA.................................7898
Betts, Lucy R./Nottingham Trent University, UK.................................................................4168,4245
Bhanot, Neeraj /Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, India...............587
Bharwani, Sonia /Indian School of Management and Entrepreneurship, India............................1529
Bhattacharya, Simanti /University of Kalyani, India.....................................................................466
Bhuimali, A. /Raiganj University, India...............................................................................4448,7201
Bhutkar, Ganesh D./Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India................................................4099
Biancofiore, Giovanni /giovannibiancofiore.com, Italy................................................................7671
Bielenia-Grajewska, Magdalena /University of Gdansk, Poland........................................2580,5085
Bihl, Trevor J./Air Force Institute of Technology, USA.................................................................6642
Bisht, Pankaja /B. T. Kumaon Institute of Technology, India........................................................6253
Bisui, Sandip /Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India................................................5901
Blanco, Beatriz /University of Cantabria, Spain...........................................................................3870
Boccasini, Adele /Lega del Filo d’Oro – Termini Imerese, Italy.....................................................287
Bocci, Elena /Sapienza University of Rome, Italy......................................4038,4064,4404,7014,7044
Bodea, Constanţa-Nicoleta /Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania............5158,6579
Boff, Felipe /Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Brazil........................................................4797
Bonaiuti, Federica /ISPRA, Italy...................................................................................................3156
Bond, Emma /University Campus Suffolk, UK..............................................................................7312
Bose, Ahana /Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, India.........................................................61
Bouaziz, Rafik /University of Sfax, Tunisia..........................................................................2043,2054
Bouck, Emily C./Michigan State University, USA...........................................................................266
Boudriga, Noureddine /University of Carthage, Tunisia..............................................................4849
Boukadi, Khouloud /University of Sfax, Tunisia.............................................................................765