Encyclopedia of FLIGHT Volume 1 Accident investigation

963 Pages·2007·12.89 MB·English

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
FLIGHT
Encyclopedia of
F L I G H T
Volume 1
Accident investigation - Guernica, Spain, bombing
Indexes
Edited by
Tracy Irons-Georges
Consulting Editor
James F. Marchman III
Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Project Editor
Heather Stratton Williams
Salem Press, Inc.
Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey
Managing Editor: Christina J. Moose
Developmental Editor:Tracy Irons-Georges
Project Editor:Heather Stratton Williams
Copy Editor:Leslie Ellen Jones
Assistant Editor:Andrea E. Mitchell
Acquisitions Editor:Mark Rehn
Photograph Editor:Philip Bader
Research Supervisor:Jeffry Jensen
Research Assistant:Jeff Stephens
Production Editor:Cynthia Beres
Page Design:James Hutson
Layout:Eddie Murillo
Cover Design:Moritz Design, Los Angeles, Calif.
Copyright © 2002, bySalem Press, Inc.
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ISBN 1-58765-046-0 (set : alk. paper)
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Contents
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Autopilot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Avionics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Baggage handling and regulations . . . . . . . . 125
Accident investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Balloons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Advanced propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Barnstorming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Advanced Space Transportation Bats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Battle of Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Aer Lingus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Beechcraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Aerobatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Bell Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Bermuda Triangle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Aeroflot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Biplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Aeromexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Aeronautical engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Black Sheep Squadron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Aerospace industry, U.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Blimps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Ailerons and flaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Blue Angels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Air Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Boarding procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Air carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Boeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Air Combat Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Bombers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Air Force, U.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Boomerangs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Air Force bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Richard Branson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Air Force One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Wernher von Braun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Air France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 British Airways. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Air rage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Buoyant aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Air shows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Richard E. Byrd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Air traffic control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Airbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Cargo aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Aircraft carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Sir George Cayley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Airfoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Cessna Aircraft Company . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Airline Deregulation Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Octave Chanute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Airline industry, U.S.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Jacqueline Cochran. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Airmail delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Cockpit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Airplanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Bessie Coleman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Airport security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Commercial flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Airports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Alitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Concorde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Altitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Continental Airlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
American Airlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Corporate and private jets. . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Animal flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Crewed spaceflight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Antiaircraft fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Crop dusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Apache helicopter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Glenn H. Curtiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Apollo Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Neil Armstrong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 DC plane family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Astronauts and cosmonauts. . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Delta Air Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Jacqueline Auriol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Dirigibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
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Encyclopedia of Flight
Dogfights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Flight simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Jimmy Doolittle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Flying Fortress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Doppler radar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Flying Tigers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Dresden, Germany, bombing . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Flying wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Hugh L. Dryden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Fokker aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Food service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Forces of flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Amelia Earhart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Steve Fossett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
EgyptAir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Franco-Prussian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
El Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Frequent flier miles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Emergency procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Enola Gay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Yuri Gagarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Evolution of animal flight . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Roland Garros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Experimental aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Gemini Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
John Glenn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Federal Aviation Administration . . . . . . . . . 245 Gliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Fighter pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Robert H. Goddard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Fighting Falcon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Goodyear blimp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Firefighting aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Flight attendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Guernica, Spain, bombing . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Flight control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Flight plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Alphabetical Index of Entries . . . . . . . . . . . III
Flight recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Categorized Index of Entries . . . . . . . . . . . VII
Flight schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
vi
Publisher’s Note
Manybooksonaviationandotheraspectsofflightare Theabilityofhumanbeingstotaketotheskiesinflight
writteneitherataverybasiclevel,designedforajuvenile had become routine, even mundane, by the start of the
audience,oratatechnicallevel,intendedformembersof twenty-firstcentury.Formanypeople,thatattitudechanged
theaviationindustry.TheEncyclopediaofFlightbridges onSeptember11,2001,whenhijackedcommercialjetlin-
thegapbetweentheoreticalconceptsandpracticalappli- ers became weapons of mass destruction at the World
cations, between scientific information and historical is- TradeCenterinNewYorkCityandthePentagoninWash-
sues. A unique addition to the market, this illustrated, ington, D.C. The Encyclopedia of Flight was in its final
three-volumeworkprovidesinformationaboutanimaland stagesofeditorialwork,andmanyarticleswritteninprior
human-made flight in a way that is accessible to high months—suchas“Terrorism,”“Hijacking,”and“Airport
school and undergraduate students, general readers, and Security”—werequicklyupdatedtoreflectthenewavia-
aviation enthusiasts. It examines a wide range of topics, tionlandscapeandtospeculateonthefuturefinancesand
from birds and balloons to jets and spacecraft. regulations of this worldwide industry.
ThebroadscopeoftheEncyclopediaofFlightallows The321alphabeticallyarrangedentriesintheEncyclo-
readerstogainarichunderstandingofthemorethantwo- pediaofFlightrangefromonetosixpagesinlength.Each
hundred-year-oldhistoryofhumanflightandthenatural articlebeginswithready-referencetopmatterthatdefines
factorsandaerodynamicprinciplesthatledtoitsdevelop- thetopicandoutlinesitssignificance.Datesandalternate
ment.Theencyclopediaaddressesallcategoriesofflying namesaregivenwhereapplicable.Themaintextwaswrit-
craft,bothcivilandmilitary,includingkites,gliders,diri- tenwiththeneedsofstudentsandgeneralreadersinmind;
gibles, biplanes, hovercraft, rockets, missiles, and satel- for example, articles such as “Aerodynamics,” “Mach
lites.Inaddition,entriescanbefoundonnumeroustypes number,” and “Wind shear” present clear discussions of
of aircraft, from Sopwith Camels and B-52’s to stealth thesetopics,explaininganytermsorreferencesthatmay
fightersandthespaceshuttle,aswellasonseveralfamous beunfamiliar.Everyessayendswithanannotatedbibliog-
aircraft from history, such as the Spirit of St. Louis, the raphy that directs readers to further sources of informa-
SpruceGoose,andtheHindenburg.Alsodiscussedarethe tion.Cross-referencesattheendofthearticledirectread-
principlesofaerodynamicsanddesign.Someentriesfocus erstorelatedtopics,forgingconnectionsbetweenevents,
onflyinginsectandanimalspecies.Articlessuchas“Avi- inventions, and biographies. Distributed throughout the
onics,”“Aileronsandflaps,”“Guidancesystems,”“Instru- Encyclopedia of Flight are valuable photographs, line
mentation,” and “Turboprops” cover the mechanical and drawings, charts, tables, and maps, as well as historical
technical aspects of flying. Readers can learn about the timelinesdescribingdevelopmentsinthehistoryofflight
features of the 707, DC, and MD plane families. aswellassignificantdisasters.Boxedsidebarsdiscussim-
The encyclopedia also analyzes many procedural and portant concepts, key developments, or examples to ex-
socialissuespertainingtothecontemporaryairlineindus- pand on topics mentioned in the text.
try,fromticketingandairportsecuritytoairrageandhijack- TheEncyclopediaofFlightcontainsanumberofuseful
ing,anditoffersprofilesofmajoraircraftmanufacturers toolstoaidreadersinlocatingentriesintheirareasofin-
andaircarriers,bothpastandpresent.Biographicalentries terest.AnAlphabeticalIndexofEntriesandaCategorized
highlightmanypioneersinaviationandaeronautics,suchas IndexofEntriesappearattheendofeachvolume.Inaddi-
SallyRide,AlbertoSantos-Dumont,KonstantinTsiolkov- tion, volume 3 concludes with a Glossary of relevant
sky, the Wright brothers, and Chuck Yeager. The use of terms,ageneralBibliography,adirectoryofhelpfulWeb
flightinvariousworldconflictsisexamined,frompigeons Sites arranged by category, an annotated list of flight-
andballoonsintheFranco-PrussianWar(1870-1871)to related Organizations and Agencies, contact informa-
PatriotmissilesintheGulfWar(1991).Manytopicsinthe tion for major Flight Schools and Training Centers in
historyofspaceflightarecovered,suchas“Astronautsand North America and for notable aviation Museums of
cosmonauts,”“ApolloProgram,”and“Orbiting.”Itshould North America, annotated lists of International Airports
benoted,however,thattravelinspaceisnottheprimaryfo- andofmajorAirCarriersthroughouttheworld,anexten-
cusofthisencyclopedia;moreextensiveinformationcan sive list of various Airplane Types grouped chronologi-
befoundinourthree-volumeUSAinSpace(2ded.,2001). cally, a Time Line of important events in the history of
vii
Encyclopedia of Flight
flight,alistofAirDisastersandNotableCrashes,anda edgeandinsighttothisproject.Theirnamesandaffilia-
full Subject Index. tionsarelistedinthepagesthatfollow.Weareparticularly
Reference works such as the Encyclopedia of Flight grateful to the project’s consulting editor, James F.
wouldnotbepossiblewithoutthehelpofmanyexpertsin Marchman III, Professor of Aerospace and Ocean Engi-
thefield.Morethanonehundredcontributors,including neering at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia, whose
pilots,professionals,andacademicians,havelentknowl- hand helped guide the project at every step.
viii
Contributors
Richard Adler Ursula Malluvius Davidson Daniel G. Graetzer
University of Michigan-Dearborn Aviation Education Services, Inc. Independent Scholar
Robert L. Ballantyne Bruce J. DeHart Oliver Griffin
Reading Area Community College University of North Carolina at Weber State University
Pembroke
R. Kurt Barnhart Pamela M. Gross
Indiana State University James S. Douglas Adams State College
Douglas Aircraft Company of Ohio
Maryanne Barsotti Robert Harrison
Independent Scholar Ellen Elghobashi University of Arkansas Community
Independent Scholar College at Batesville
Wendy S. Beckman
Parks College of Engineering and Said Elghobashi Paul A. Heckert
Aviation University of California, Irvine Western Carolina University
Raymond D. Benge, Jr. James C. Elliott Paul Hodge
Tarrant County College Independent Scholar University of Washington
Alvin K. Benson Victoria Erhart William H. Hoffman
Brigham Young University Catholic University of America Independent Scholar
Kenneth H. Brown Ronald J. Ferrara Niles R. Holt
Northwestern Oklahoma State Middle Tennessee State University Illinois State University
University
Alexandra Ferry Willem J. Homan
Douglas Campbell Independent Scholar Western Michigan University
Independent Scholar
David G. Fisher Cass D. Howell
Roger V. Carlson Lycoming College Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Richard D. Fitzgerald W. N. Hubin
Willie Jane Cave-Dunkel Onondaga Community College Kent State University
Southern Illinois University
Triantafyllos G. Flouris Thomas Inman
Frederick B. Chary Auburn University Pennsylvania College of Technology
Indiana University Northwest
George J. Flynn Tracy Irons-Georges
Monish R. Chatterjee SUNY-Plattsburgh Independent Scholar
Binghamton University, SUNY
David E. Fogleman Jamey D. Jacob
Joseph F. Clark III Southern University at Shreveport University of Kentucky
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Alan S. Frazier Lance Janda
Douglas Clouatre Glendale Community College Cameron University
Kennesaw State University
C. George Fry Bruce E. Johansen
Veronica T. Cote Winebrenner Theological Seminary University of Nebraska at Omaha
Bridgewater State College
K. Fred Gillum John C. Johnson
John A. Cramer Colby College Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Oglethorpe University
Richard E. Givan Leslie Ellen Jones
Scott R. Dahlke Eastern Kentucky University Independent Scholar
United States Air Force Academy
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Encyclopedia of Flight
Richard C. Jones Jim Oppermann Frank A. Salamone
Texas Woman’s University Ohio State University Iona College
Maureen Kamph Jani Macari Pallis Mary Fackler Schiavo
Independent Scholar Cislunar Aerospace, Inc. Ohio State University
Lori Kaye Robert J. Paradowski R. Baird Shuman
Independent Scholar Rochester Institute of Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign
Narayanan M. Komerath Alan Prescott Peterson
Georgia Institute of Technology Gordon College Sanford S. Singer
University of Dayton
Kenneth M. Krongos John R. Phillips
Independent Scholar Purdue University-Calumet Billy R. Smith, Jr.
United States Naval Academy
Donald L. Kunz George R. Plitnik
Old Dominion University Frostburg State University Larry Smolucha
Benedictine University
Josué Njock Libii Aaron D. Purcell
Purdue University-Fort Wayne University of Tennessee, Knoxville Polly D. Steenhagen
Delaware State University
M. A. K. Lodhi Stephen M. Quilty
Texas Tech University Bowling Green State University Barry M. Stentiford
Grambling State University
John L. Loth Steven J. Ramold
West Virginia University Doane College Robert J. Stewart
California Maritime Academy
Matthew G. McCoy P. S. Ramsey
Arizona State University Independent Scholar Sue Tarjan
Independent Scholar
Dana P. McDermott John David Rausch, Jr.
Independent Scholar West Texas A&M University Gregory S. Taylor
Grambling State University
Nancy Farm Mannikko Frank J. Regan
Independent Scholar Independent Scholar Leslie V. Tischauser
Prairie State College
James F. Marchman III Kevin B. Reid
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Henderson Community College Lance Wayne Traub
State University Texas A&M University
R. Smith Reynolds
Carl Henry Marcoux Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Mary Ann Turney
University of California, Riverside University Arizona State University
Robert Maxant Dawna L. Rhoades Robert J. Wells
Independent Scholar Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Society for Technical Communication
University
Mark Miller Hugh Wheeler
Independent Scholar Charles W. Rogers Independent Scholar
Southwestern Oklahoma State
Randall L. Milstein Robert Whipple, Jr.
University
Oregon State University Creighton University
David M. Rooney
Walter Nelson David R. Wilkerson
Hofstra University
RAND Corporation Oklahoma State University
William B. Rourke
Eugene E. Niemi, Jr. Heather Stratton Williams
Metropolitan State College
University of Massachusetts, Lowell Independent Scholar
Alison Rowley
Cynthia Clark Northrup Seth B. Young
Duke University
University of Texas at Arlington Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
x