Table Of ContentEEIS TP V3_1013 10/15/03 9:39 AM Page 1
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
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EEIS TP V3_1013 10/15/03 9:39 AM Page 3
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
K. LEE LERNER AND BRENDA WILMOTH LERNER, EDITORS
v o l u m e
3
R – Z
INDEX
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors
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J. Tyrkus, Peter Gareffa
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of espionage, intelligence, and security / K. Lee Lerner
and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-7546-6 (set : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN
0-7876-7686-1 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-7876-7687-X (v. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-7688-8
(v. 3)
1. Espionage—Encyclopedias. 2. Intelligence service—Encyclopedias.
3. Security systems—Encyclopedias. I. Lerner, K. Lee. II. Lerner,
Brenda Wilmoth.
JF1525.I6E63 2004
327.12’03—dc21
2003011097
This title is available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-7876-7762-0
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:1)
(cid:4)INTRODUCTION (cid:4)
VII
(cid:4)ADVISORS AND CONTRIBUTORS (cid:4)
XI
(cid:4)LIST OF ENTRIES (cid:4)
XIII
The Encyclopedia of Espionage,
(cid:4)Intelligence, and Security (cid:4)
1
(cid:4)GLOSSARY (cid:4)
289
(cid:4)CHRONOLOGY (cid:4)
317
(cid:4)SOURCES (cid:4)
353
(cid:4)INDEX (cid:4)
403
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
V
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Introduction
(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:1) (cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:1)
In composing The Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, Big Brother and the deliberately blind eye lie the shadows
and Security (EEIS), our goal was to shape a modern into which terrorists often slip.
encyclopedia offering immediate value to our intended With an emphasis on the realistic possibilities and
readers by emphasizing matters of espionage, intelligence, limitations of science, we hope that EEIS finds a useful and
and security most frequently in the news. unique place on the reference shelf.
EEIS is not intended as a classical “spy book,” filled It seems inevitable that within the first half of the
with tales of daring operations. Instead, within a frame- twenty-first century, biological weapons may eclipse nu-
work of historical overviews, EEIS emphasizes the scien- clear and chemical weapons in terms of potential threats
to civilization. Because informed and reasoned public
tific foundations, applications of technology, and organi-
policy debates on issues of biological warfare and
zational structure of modern espionage, intelligence, and
bioterrorism can only take place when there is a funda-
security. High school and early undergraduate students
mental understanding of the science underpinning com-
can use this book to expand upon their developing aware-
peting arguments, EEIS places special emphasis on the
ness of the fundamentals of science, mathematics, and
multifaceted influence and applications of the biological
government as they begin the serious study of contempo-
sciences and emerging biometric technologies. Future
rary issues.
generations of effective intelligence and law enforcement
EEIS is also intended to serve more advanced readers officers seeking to thwart the threats posed by tyrants,
as a valuable quick reference and as a foundation for terrorists, and the technologies of mass destruction might
advanced study of current events. be required to be as knowledgeable in the terminology of
epidemiology as they are with the tradecraft of espionage.
EEIS devotes an extensive number of articles to agen-
cies and strategies involved in emerging concepts of home- Knowledge is power. In a time where news can over-
land security in the United States. Faced with a daunting whelm and in fact, too easily mingle with opinion, it is our
amount of information provided by agencies, organiza- hope that EEIS will provide readers with greater insight to
tions, and institutes seeking to put their best foot forward, measure vulnerability and risks, and correspondingly, an
we have attempted to allocate space to the topics compris- increased ability to make informed judgments concerning
ing EEIS based upon their relevance to some unique facet the potential benefits and costs of espionage, intelligence,
of espionage, intelligence, or security—especially with and security matters.
regard to science and technology issues—as opposed to
(cid:3) K. LEE LERNER & BRENDA WILMOTH LERNER, EDITORS
awarding space related to power of the agency or availa-
CORNWALL, U.K.
bility of material. MAY, 2003
A fundamental understanding of science allows citi-
zens to discern hype and disregard hysteria, especially How to Use the Book
with regard to privacy issues. Spy satellites powerful
enough to read the details of license plates do so at peril of The Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Secu-
missing events a few steps away. With regard to elec- rity was not intended to contain a compendium of weap-
tronic intercepts, the capability to identify what to care- ons systems. Although EEIS carries brief overviews of
fully examine—often a decision driven by mathematical specifically selected systems commonly used in modern
analysis—has become as essential as the capacity to gather intelligence operations, readers interested in detailed in-
the intelligence itself. Somewhere between the scrutiny of formation regarding weapons systems are recommended
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
VII
Introduction
to Jane’s Strategic Weapon Systems, or Jane’s Defense molecules—where necessary for complete under-
Equipment Library. standing, sufficient information regarding scientific
terms is provided.
Although EEIS contains overview of significant his-
(cid:3)To the greatest extent possible we have attempted to
torical periods and events, for those readers interested in
use Arabic names instead of their Latinized versions.
additional information regarding the history of espionage
Where required for clarity we have included Latinized
operations and biographies of intelligence personnel, the
names in parentheses after the Arabic version. Alas,
editors recommend Jeffrey T. Richelson’s A Century of we could not retain some diacritical marks (e.g. bars
Spies : Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (Oxford Uni- over vowels, dots under consonants). Because there
versity Press, 1995), Vincent Buranelli and Nan Buranelli’s is no generally accepted rule or consensus regarding
Spy/Counterspy: An Encyclopedia of Espionage (New York: the format of translated Arabic names, we have
McGraw-Hill, 1982), and Allen Dulles’, The Craft of Intelli- adopted the straightforward, and we hope sensitive,
policy of using names as they are used or cited in
gence (New York: Harper & Row, 1963).
their region of origin.
The articles in EEIS are meant to be understandable
(cid:3)EEIS relies on open source material and no classified
by anyone with a curiosity about topics in espionage,
or potentially dangerous information is included. Arti-
intelligence, and security matters, and this first edition of cles have been specifically edited to remove potential
the book has been designed with ready reference in mind: “how to” information. All articles have been pre-
pared and reviewed by experts who were tasked with
(cid:3)Entries are arranged alphabetically. In an effort to ensuring accuracy, appropriateness, and accessibil-
facilitate easy use of this encyclopedia, and to at- ity of language.
tempt order in a chaotic universe of names and acro-
(cid:3)With regard to entries regarding terrorist organiza-
nyms the editors have adopted a “common use”
tions, EEIS faced a serious dilemma. For obvious
approach. Where an agency, organization, or pro-
reasons, it was difficult to obtain balanced, impartial,
gram is known best by its acronym, the entry related
and independently verifiable information regarding
to that organization will be listed by the acronym (e.g.
these organizations, nor could EEIS swell to incorpo-
FEMA is used instead of Federal Emergency Manage-
rate lengthy scholarly analysis and counter-analysis
ment Agency). To facilitate use, the editors have
of these organizations without losing focus on sci-
included a number of “jumps” or cross-referenced
ence and technology issues. As a compromise in-
titles that will guide readers to desired entries.
tended to serve students and readers seeking initial
(cid:3)To avoid a log jam of terms starting with “Federal” reference materials related to organizations often in
and “United States,” titles were broken to most accu- the news, EEIS incorporates a series of supplemental
rately reflect the content emphasized or subject of articles to convey the information contained in the
agency authority. U.S. Department of State annual report to Congress
titled, Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2001. These arti-
(cid:3)“See Also” references at the end of entries alert the
cles contain the language, assertions of fact, and
readers to related entries not specifically mentioned
views of the U.S. Department of State. Readers are
in the body of the text that may provide additional or
encouraged to seek additional information from cur-
interesting resource material.
rent U.S. Department of State resources and inde-
(cid:3)An extensive Glossary of terms and acronyms is pendent non-governmental scholarly publications that
included to help the reader navigate the technical deal with the myriad of issues surrounding the nature
information found in EEIS. and activities of alleged terrorist organizations. A
(cid:3)The Chronology includes significant events related to number of governmental and non-governmental publi-
cations that deal with these issues are cited in the
the content of the encyclopedia. Often accompanied
bibliographic sources section located near the index.
by brief explanations, the most current entries date
represent events that occurred just as EEIS went
Key EEIS articles are signed by their authors. Brief
to press.
entries were compiled by experienced researchers and
(cid:3)A Sources section lists the most worthwhile print
reviewed by experts. In the spirit of numerous indepen-
material and web sites we encountered in the compi-
dent scientific watchdog groups, during the preparation of
lation of this volume. It is there for the inspired reader
EEIS no contributors held a declared affiliation with any
who wants more information on the people and dis-
intelligence or security organization. This editorial policy
coveries covered in this volume.
not only allowed a positive vetting of contributors, but
(cid:3)A comprehensive general Index guides the reader to
also assured an independence of perspective and an em-
topics and persons mentioned in the book. Bolded
phasis on the fundamentals of science as opposed to
page references refer the reader to the term’s full entry.
unconfirmable “insider” information.
(cid:3)The editors and authors have attempted to explain
When the only verifiable or attributable source of
scientific concepts clearly and simply, without sacri-
information for an entry comes from documents or infor-
ficing fundamental accuracy. Accordingly, an ad-
vanced understanding of physics, chemistry, or bio- mation provided by a governmental organization (e.g., the
chemistry is not assumed or required. Students and U.S. Department of State), the editors endeavored to
other readers should not, for example, be intimidated carefully note when the language used and perspective
or deterred by the complex names of biochemical offered was that of the governmental organization.
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
VIII
Introduction
Although some research contributors requested ano- writers and advisors. The editors appreciate their dedica-
nymity, no pseudonyms are used herein. tion and willingness to scrap copy, roll up their sleeves,
and tackle anew the smorgasbord of name and terminol-
ogy changes.
Acknowledgments
As publishing deadlines loomed, EEIS was also well
served by a research staff dedicated to incorporating the
The editors wish to thank Herbert Romerstein, former
latest relevant events—especially information related to
USIA Soviet Disinformation Officer and Coordinator of
the search for weapons of mass destruction—that took
Programs to Counter Soviet Active Measures, United States
place during war in Iraq in March and April of 2003.
Information Agency, for his assistance in compiling se-
EEIS advisors, researchers, and writers tenaciously
lected articles.
attempted to incorporate the most current information
The editors wish to thank Lee Wilmoth Lerner for his available as EEIS went to press. The editors pass any
assistance in compiling technical engineering data for credit or marks for success in that effort, and reserve for
inclusion in EEIS. themselves full responsibility for omissions.
The editors acknowledge the assistance of the mem- The editors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of
bers of the Federation of American Scientists for the many at St. James Press for their help in preparing The
provision of reports and materials used in the preparation Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security.
of selected articles. The editors extend thanks to Mr. Peter Gareffa and Ms.
Meggin Condino for their faith in this project. Most di-
Although certainly not on the scale of the challenge to
rectly, the editors wish to acknowledge and thank the
provide security for a nation with approximately 85 deep-
project editor, Mr. Stephen Cusack, for his talented over-
draft ports, 600,000 bridges, 55,000 independent water
sight and for his tireless quest for secure engaging pic-
treatment systems, 100 nuclear power plants, and count-
tures for EEIS.
less miles of tunnels, pipelines, and electrical and commu-
nications infrastructure, the task of incorporating changes The editors lovingly dedicate this book to the memory
brought on by creation of the Department of Homeland of Wallace Schaffer, Jr., HM3, USNR, who died on January
Security—and the most massive reorganization of the 8, 1968, in Thua Thien (Hue) Province, Vietnam.
United States government since World War II—as this “A small rock holds back a great wave.”—Homer, The
book went to press provided a unique challenge to EEIS Odyssey.
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
IX
