Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice

5662 Pages·2014·53.74 MB·English

by  Gerben Bruinsma

Gerben Bruinsma
David Weisburd
Editors
Encyclopedia of
Criminology and
Criminal Justice
1 3
Reference
Encyclopedia of Criminology
and Criminal Justice

Gerben Bruinsma
David Weisburd
Editors
Encyclopedia of
Criminology and
Criminal Justice
A–B
With311Figuresand150Tables
Editors
GerbenBruinsma
NetherlandsInstitutefortheStudyofCrimeandLawEnforcement(NSCR)
Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
VUUniversityAmsterdam
Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
DavidWeisburd
DepartmentofCriminology,LawandSociety
GeorgeMasonUniversity
Fairfax,VA,USA
FacultyofLaw
TheHebrewUniversity
Mt.Scopus,Jerusalem,Israel
ISBN978-1-4614-5689-6 ISBN978-1-4614-5690-2(eBook)
ISBN978-1-4614-5691-9(Printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013946647
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014
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Preface
Introduction
When we began our effort to outline and organize the Encyclopedia of
CriminologyandCriminalJusticewithourdistinguishedAssociateEditors,
wesetbeforeourselvesamajortaskthatwouldbedifferentfromthatofmost
otherencyclopediasthatareproducedtodayinvariousfields.Welookedback
inhistorytofindourtask.Wesoughttodefinetheparametersofthediscipline
of criminology and criminal justice, in the spirit of the encyclopedias first
developedinthe18thcentury.ThisEncyclopediawouldnotbeadictionaryof
thefield,butacuttingedgestatementofknowledgeinthefieldatthistime.
Crime and criminal justice are major dynamic issues in contemporary
societies.Everysocietyisconfrontedwithvariationsincrimerates andhas
to deal with large groups of crime places, offenders, and victims. Crimes
appearinchangingimagesineverydaylifeandcriminaljusticeagencieshave
tofindsolutionsforthesesocietalphenomena.Thismeansthatthescienceof
criminology is important not just for scientists and scholars who want to
develop basic knowledge and understand the causes of crime, but also to
policymakersandpractitioners.Criminologyasadisciplinespansbothbasic
and applied research questions, and criminology has been enriched by its
ability to both provide scientific knowledge to practice and to raise critical
questionsaboutthebasicprinciplesandeffectsofpolicyandpractice.There
is aninternational communityofactiveproducers ofcriminological knowl-
edgeineverycontinentatuniversities,researchinstitutes,andgovernmental
offices. The globalization of criminological knowledge has increased the
dissemination of criminological research and theory to all parts of the
world.ThisEncyclopediaseekstosummarizethatbroadarrayofknowledge.
Undergraduateandgraduatestudentsincriminologyandcriminaljustice
are taught using general text books with brief sections on relevant topics.
Further information is explored on the Internet, using Wikipedia texts for
additional knowledge or for writing papers. These texts have not been
reviewed by scholars in the field. The print and online versions of this
Encyclopedia give students, researchers, policy makers, and practitioners
directaccesstoareliablebodyofknowledgeontopicsthathavebeenwritten
by experts in the discipline. Indeed, in this Encyclopedia it is often the
originators of theories, practices, or methods that are writing the entries.
Theseentrieswillgivestudentsandscholarsefficientandsolidinsightsinto
theknowledgetheyneedfortheircourses.
v
vi Preface
Goals
ThisEncyclopediaofCriminologyandCriminalJusticepresentsthecurrent
state of knowledge of this discipline. Like science in general, criminology
expanded during the last two centuries, starting with the first geographic
studies on the distribution of crime rates until new neurological knowledge
ofoffendersandinnovativeforensictechniquestodetectperpetrators,andto
evidence-basedtreatmentprogramsforseriousorfrequentoffendersorlocal
governmental to private interventions in crime situations. We needed ten
volumeswith579entriestodisplaytoday’scriminologyandcriminaljustice
knowledge base. It represents our efforts to provide the reader with current
state-of-the-artknowledgeincriminologyandcriminaljustice.
The aim of the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice is to
supply a comprehensive reference tool for the field of criminology and
criminal justicethatisbothcuttingedge andofvery highscientificquality.
This ten volume work provides a complete and systematic coverage of this
growing field that is unprecedented, as it is truly international and includes
fields related to criminology, such as police science, forensics, and certain
areasofpsychology.Eachentryoffersanextendeddescriptionofthetopic,
relevantliterature,currentbaseofknowledge,andideasaboutwhatneedsto
be studied in the future. The on-line version will be updated continuously
after the first publication serving millions of students, researchers, policy
makers,andpractitionersofallcontinents.
DefiningtheDiscipline
ThegoalofthisEncyclopediaistoprovideacomprehensivereferenceworkfor
thefieldofcriminologyandcriminaljustice.Weworkedhard,meetingmul-
tipletimeswithourAssociateEditors,toidentifywhatthecriticalareaswere,
and what research existed that we could include in the Encyclopedia. The
Encyclopediainthissense"definesthefield"throughitschoiceoforganization
and entries. We aimed at identifying emerging ideas and trends, so that the
workwillbetimely atpublication and afterwards. This Encyclopediacovers
thefieldbroadly,andinternationally,andattemptstobeuptodateastorecent
developments in research and practice in the field. This Encyclopedia is not
adictionary,norakindofWikipediawithoutanyqualityassessment,andaims
atcomprehensiveandcuttingedgeknowledgethatdefinesthecontoursofthe
field of criminology and criminal justice. That is why we included the fast
developing new fields of forensics, psychology of law, and investigative
psychology.Thetenvolumescoverthefollowingbroadfieldsofcriminology
andcriminaljustice(listedwiththeAssociateEditorsresponsible):
Corrections and Criminal Justice Supervision in the Community (Doris
MacKenzie)
Courts,Sentencing,andtheJudicialSystem(LeslieSebba)
PoliceandLawEnforcement(StephenMastrofski)
Crimes,Criminals,andVictims(AlexPiquero)
Preface vii
CrimePlacesandSituations(CynthiaLum)
ExplanationsforCriminalBehavior(SallySimpson)
HistoryofCriminology(allAssociateEditorsandEditors-in-Chief)
Data,Methods,andStatistics(ArjanBloklandandDanNagin)
SocialInterventionsandPrevention(GwladysGillie´ron&MartinKillias)
ForensicsandForensicScienceInvestigativePsychology(PeterNeyroud)
PsychologyofLaw(KarenAmendola)
Every sectiondefines anumber ofareasofresearch(a totalof111), and
consequently a number of relevant topics or articles that are included as
entries (579). The entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry
providesanoverviewofwhatiscovered,followedbyashortlistofsuggested
readings and references. All entries have been reviewed, first by the Area
Editors, then by the Associate Editors, and finally by the Editors-in-Chief.
NotallofthearticlessubmittedcouldbeacceptedintotheEncyclopedia,asis
thecasewithotheracademicworkthatisreviewed.Weverymuchappreciate
theeffortsofallofourauthors,whohavetrulyproducedanimportantworkin
criminologyandcriminaljustice.
Acknowledgements
Asthereadercanimagine,thistenvolumeEncyclopediaofCriminologyand
Criminal Justice is a work that involves the collaborative efforts of many
people. In the 18th century, Dennis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert
published between 1751 and 1772 the first encyclopedia on science with
the assistance of hundreds of scholars. It consisted of 28 volumes with
60,000 articles on all imaginable topics of the natural sciences. The editors
themselvescontributed6,000articles.ThisEncyclopediaisalsoajointeffort
ofmanypeople.
When David Weisburd was approached by Springer, he invited Gerben
Bruinsma to join him as Editor-in-Chief. We contributed equally to the
Encyclopedia, explaining the alphabetical order of our names. We had the
magnificentsupportofagroupof12AssociateEditors,allrenownedexperts
intheirfields.Theyorganizedtheirsectionbydefiningtheareasofresearch
andusedtheirextendedprofessionalnetworktocontactthe111AreaEditors.
Weowethemverymuchfortheirefforts:KarenAmendola(PoliceFounda-
tion), Arjan Blokland (NSCR), Gwladys Gillie´ron (Distance Learning Uni-
versity Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland), Martin Killias (KRC Killias
Research & Consulting SA), Cynthia Lum (George Mason University),
Doris MacKenzie (Penn State University), Stephen Mastrofski (George
Mason University), Daniel Nagin (Carnegie Mellon University), Peter
Neyroud(CambridgeUniversity),AlexPiquero(TheUniversityofTexasat
Dallas), Leslie Sebba (The Hebrew University), and Sally Simpson
(UniversityofMaryland).Wealsowouldliketothankthe111AreaEditors
whoselectedtheauthorsandreviewedthepapersintheirareas.Theirnames
are listed separately in this Encyclopedia. Lastly, we are grateful to all our
authorswhocontributedwithscholarlyentriestotheEncyclopedia.Itistheir
viii Preface
collective effort and expertise that has made the publication of Springer’s
EncyclopediaofCriminologyandCriminalJusticeasuccessfulenterprise.
Aspecialwordofgratitudeisforthestaffofthepublisher,Springer.Many
people have contributed to the Encyclopedia from its inception through its
production.Wethankthemallfortheirwonderfulwork.ButsomeSpringer
staffdeservespecialmention.WelmoedSpahr,ExecutiveEditor,Socialand
BehavioralSciences,andKatieChabalko,CriminologyEditor,supportedus
fromthebeginningtotheendoftheprojectoftengoingmuchbeyondtheir
obligationstoensuretheacademicqualityofthework.WithoutSaskiaEllis,
theprojectmanager,thisprojectwouldneverhavebeenfinished,oratleast
would not have come out in a timely manner. She was a power house in
moving the Encyclopedia along, and worked closely with us in bringing
this major project to completion. To the literally hundreds of people who
workedonthisprojectwethankyouall,andhopethatyouareverypleased
with the scope and quality of Springer’s Encyclopedia of Criminology and
CriminalJustice.
May2013 GerbenBruinsma
NetherlandsInstitutefortheStudyof
CrimeandLawEnforcement(NSCR)
(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands)&VU
UniversityAmsterdam(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands)
DavidWeisburd
DepartmentofCriminology,LawandSociety,
GeorgeMasonUniversity(Fairfax,VA,USA)&
FacultyofLaw,TheHebrewUniversity(Jerusalem,Israel)
Editors-in-Chief
Gerben Bruinsma Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law
Enforcement(NSCR),Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
VUUniversityAmsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
Professor Dr. Gerben Bruinsma is, since 1999, director of the Netherlands
Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) in
Amsterdam, a national research institute of the National Organization for
ScientificResearch(NWO).Heisalso,since2009,professorofenvironmen-
tal criminology at VU University Amsterdam. In the past he has held posi-
tions as professor of criminology at Twente University and Leiden
University.HestudiedsociologyandcriminologyatUtrechtUniversityand
finished his doctoral dissertation Crime as a Social Process: A Test of the
DifferentialAssociationTheoryintheVersionofK-D-Opp attheRadboud
University Nijmegen. In the 1990s he co-founded the International Police
Institute at Twente University. He was president of the Dutch Society of
Criminology and one of the founding fathers of the European Society of
Criminology, editor or editorial board member of various journals, and has
heldagreatnumberofadvisoryandboardpositionsinthefieldofpoliceand
criminaljustice.In2009,hereceivedtheFredaAdlerDistinguishedInterna-
tional Scholar Award of the Division of International Criminology of the
American Society of Criminology (ASC). He has researched and published
on juvenile delinquency, organised crime, spatial distributions of crime,
police theory, and methodological issues. He has published more than
100 articles, 30 books, and 60 book chapters. His current interests are
geographical,theoretical,andhistoricalcriminology.
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