Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of Blacks
in European
History and Culture
Advisory Board
Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, University of Cologne
Allison Blakely, Boston University
Robert A. Cordery, Pitney-Bowes, Inc.
Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina, Dartmouth College
Sue Peabody, Washington State University at Vancouver
Tyler Edward Stovall, University of California at Berkeley
Encyclopedia of Blacks
in European
History and Culture
Volume 1: A–J
Edited by Eric Martone
GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut • London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of Blacks in European history and culture / edited by Eric Martone.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–313–34448–0 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–313–34450–3 (v. 1 : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978–0–313–34452–7 (v. 2 : alk. paper)
1. Blacks—Europe—History—Encyclopedias. I. Martone, Eric.
D212.2.B53E53 2009
940'.0496—dc22 2008030542
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2009 by Eric Martone
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008030542
ISBN: 978–0–313–34448–0 (set)
978–0–313–34450–3 (Vol. 1)
978–0–313–34452–7 (Vol. 2)
First published in 2009
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
VOLUME 1
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi
Chronology xvii
Alphabetical List of Entries xxxi
Topical List of Entries xxxvii
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA, A–J 1
VOLUME 2
Chronology vii
Alphabetical List of Entries xxi
Topical List of Entries xxvii
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA, K–Z 305
Resource Guide 573
Index 583
About the Editor and Contributors 605
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Preface
T he idea for this encyclopedia evolved from my experiences as a high school teacher
in an urban district in Connecticut. With the increasing cultural diversity in modern
American classrooms, teachers and professors in the humanities and social sciences
must incorporate material that reflects the diversity of their students to meet their stu-
dents’ educational needs. In my school district, we were encouraged to incorporate mi-
nority studies into the curriculum, especially during Black History Month. Numerous
encyclopedias and reference works address African Americans’ contributions in history
and literature, and some even connect African American culture to African culture.
As a teacher of European and world history, I always found myself at a loss for similar
materials on blacks in Europe. In fact, although the field of black European studies is
gaining popularity in academia, the very idea of blacks in European history and culture
is still a foreign concept to many secondary school teachers, students, and the general
public. Therefore this encyclopedia is the first of its kind to introduce this topic to
general audiences and schools.
This encyclopedia focuses on the depictions and contributions of blacks in Euro-
pean history, literature, and popular culture. A work this ambitious cannot be all things
to all people or cover all conceivable topics relevant to the purpose and scope of this
encyclopedia. At the very least, however, this encyclopedia will open the doors to the
subject of blacks in Europe, emphasizing the scope and massiveness of their contribu-
tions and role in European history and culture, for educators, students, and the general
public. This encyclopedia, therefore, fills an important gap in multicultural education.
Furthermore, it develops increased awareness that the black presence in Europe is not
merely a contemporary phenomenon, for blacks have played a significant part in Euro-
pean history and culture during ancient, medieval, and modern times.
In addition to informing general readers, this encyclopedia hopes to be of use for
a variety of high school and undergraduate courses. It serves as a starting point for
viii Preface
educators to incorporate black studies in their curricula beyond American history and
literature. For secondary and undergraduate institutions, this encyclopedia is meant
primarily for use with foreign language, literature, and social sciences courses (includ-
ing European history, world history, and global cultures courses). In addition to the
alphabetical list of entries in the front matter, there is also a topical list of entries meant
to assist educators and students, as well as interested readers. The entries are grouped
by country or subregion (as in the case of Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Scan-
dinavia) to assist departments of history and foreign languages and cultures and their
students, as well as interested readers. Most of the other categories are subjects, such as
literature, art, music, and sports.
F or the purposes of this encyclopedia, “black” refers to individuals from Africa, the
Diaspora (Caribbean, continental North America, South America, Oceania, Europe),
and of mixed parentage. There are 360 entries covering a variety of topics. The cover-
age attempts to touch on a wide geographical and sequential scope, focusing on key in-
dividuals, terms, concepts, organizations, incidents, institutions, laws, influential works,
theories, movements, and cases associated with blacks in European history and culture.
Entries in the encyclopedia are arranged in alphabetical order. Cross-references are in
bold and additional related entries are at the end of each entry. Each entry explains the
term, provides an overview, and describes its significance to the topic of the encyclo-
pedia. For those seeking additional information, there is a chronology of key events in
the front matter. Each entry has “further reading,” and there is a Resource Guide with
suggested reading, Web sites, and films in the back matter.
The encyclopedia focuses on the countries of Britain, Spain, Portugal, France,
Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Russia (although there are entries on Central
Europe, Scandinavia, and Eastern Europe). For the countries or subregional areas of
focus, there are several anchor entries, including individual historical overviews of the
country’s or subregion’s presence and contributions of blacks, its role in the African
slave trade and abolition, its colonies in Africa and the Caribbean, its literature, and the
role/contributions of blacks in contemporary European society. There are individual
entries for significant European political, literary, and cultural figures of black descent
from ancient times to the present; major historical interactions between Europe and
Africa that resulted in the settling of blacks in Europe; white European individuals and
organizations that contributed to the development of black political and social rights
in Europe; significant legislation or codes concerning blacks in Europe; significant
literary works by black authors and major literary works that had a substantial impact
on European perceptions of blacks; representations of blacks in European art and cul-
tural symbols; black holidays and festivals in Europe; European intellectual and scien-
tific theories on blacks; fields in Europe in which blacks played a prominent role; the
struggle for civil equality for blacks in Europe; issues concerning black immigration
to Europe; black European identity; and entries pertaining to the role and influence
of blacks in contemporary European popular culture. There are also some entries on
African Americans who either spent long periods of time in Europe or made an impact
on European society.
Acknowledgments
Many people worked to bring this book to fruition. I would like to thank Wendi
S chnaufer, my editor at Greenwood Press, who helped get this book approved by the
publisher when it was in its developing stages and who offered help throughout the
process of its completion. I would also like to thank Jennifer Boelter and Mark Kane,
who helped throughout the production process, and Elizabeth Kincaid, who secured
the artwork for this book. I would like to express my gratitude to the members of my ad-
visory board—Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, Allison Blakely, Robert Cordery, Gretchen
Gerzina, Sue Peabody, and Tyler Stovall—for their enthusiasm, support, and advice.
I would particularly like to thank Sue Peabody, who was especially helpful and en-
couraging. I would also like to thank Pierre Boulle, who served as a sort of unofficial
advisory board member during this book’s early stages and as an emergency translator.
I would also like to thank Werner Sollors, who provided recommendations for numer-
ous contributors.
A reference work like this is the product of academic collaboration. I would like
to thank all of my contributors, some of whom wrote multiple entries and volun-
teered to write last-minute entries to help get this book completed on time. I have
enjoyed corresponding with all of them. I would particularly like to thank Justin Cor-
field, who wrote a record number of entries and without whom I am sure this book
would never have been completed on time, and Charlotte Szilágyi, who contributed
an illustration for her entry. I would also like to thank Lawrence Hundersmarck, one
of my former (and favorite) undergraduate professors, for taking the time to contrib-
ute to this book.
L ast, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my family for their love and
support. I would like to thank my brother, Mark, for helping me with some of the
entries. This book, combined with my regular teaching duties and doctoral work,
occupied a large portion of my time. I would like to express my gratitude to my wife,
Nicole, for her love, support, and understanding while keeping the house in order
