Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of Biometrics
Stan Z. Li
Editor
Anil K. Jain
Editorial Advisor
Encyclopedia of Biometrics
With683Figures*and88Tables
*ForcolorfigurespleaseseeourElectronicReferenceonwww.springerlink.com
Editor
StanZ.Li
Professor
CenterforBiometricsandSecurityResearch
ChineseAcademyofSciences
Beijing
China
EditorialAdvisor
AnilJain
Professor
DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering
MichiganStateUniversity
EastLansing,MI
USA
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009929415
ISBN:978‐0‐387‐73002‐8
Thispublicationisavailablealsoas:
ElectronicversionunderISBN978‐0‐387‐73003‐5
PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978‐0‐387‐73004‐2
(cid:1)2009SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher
(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwith
reviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computer
software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.
Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobe
takenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.
springer.com
Printedonacid‐freepaper SPIN:11878742—543210
Preface
TheEncyclopediaofBiometricsprovidesacomprehensivereferencetoconcepts,technologies,issues,andtrendsin
the field of biometrics. The volume covers all important aspects – research, development, and applications,
includingbiometricsensorsanddevices,methodsandalgorithms,samplequality,systemdesignandimplemen-
tation, databases, performance testing, information security, and standardization. Leading experts around the
world contributed to this collection of over 200 in-depth essays accompanied by more than 600 definitional
entries.
The focus of the encyclopedia is on immediate, yet comprehensive, information in an easy-to-use format
which is accessible to researchers and scientists, system designers, engineers, programmers, students, practi-
tioners,andgovernmentagentsworkinginthebroadfieldofbiometrics.Itisavailableasaprinteditionaswellas
afullysearchableversionwithextensivecross-referencingandupdatesasnewtrendsandtermsarise.
Key Features at a Glance
(cid:1) Servesasanimmediatepointofentryintothefieldforin-depthresearch
(cid:1) Covers biometrics of face, fingerprints, iris, vein, voice, hand, ear, gait, skin, tongue, dental, odor, skull,
andDNA
(cid:1) A–Zformatallowsintuitiveandeasy-to-useaccess
(cid:1) Cross-referencedentries
(cid:1) Internationally renowned editorial board, from across the scientific and engineering disciplines and
geographies
(cid:1) Balancedcoverage
Acknowledgments
Iamgratefultoallthepeoplewhohaveplayedapartintheproductionofthisencyclopedia.Firstofall,mydeep
gratitude to Anil K. Jain, Editorial Advisor for sharing his knowledge and expertise, and important advice and
suggestionsforthisencyclopedia.Ourstellarteamofareaeditorshasdoneexcellentworkinwriting,inviting,and
reviewingthecontributionsfrommanyleadersofthefield.MysincerethankstoAndyAdler,JosephCampbell,
Raffaele Cappelli, Christophe Champod, Stephen Elliott, Julian Fierrez, Jean-Christophe Fondeur, Carmen
Garcia-Mateo,JosefKittler,HaleKim,AjayKumar,DavideMaltoni,AleixMartinez,MarkNixon,GeppyParziale,
FernandoPodio,SalilPrabhakar,ArunRoss,MariosSavvides,Yoichi Seto,ColinSoutar,Wei-YunYau,PongC.
Yuen, and David Zhang. I would like to thank these area editors for their help in creating this book and the
numerous authors for their individual contributions. Special thanks are due to people at Springer for their
enthusiasm, advice, andsupport.Jennifer Evans,SusanLagerstrom-Fife, Michaela Bilic, Tina Shelton, andAnil
Chandyhaveplayedkeyrolesatdifferenttimesinthedevelopmentofthisbook.
StanZ.Li
Editor-in-Chief
#2009SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC
Editor
StanZ.Li
Professor
CenterforBiometricsandSecurityResearch
ChineseAcademyofSciences
Beijing
China
[email protected]
Editorial Advisor
AnilK.Jain
Professor
DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering
MichiganStateUniversity
EastLansing,MI
USA
[email protected]
Area Editors
ANDYADLER JEAN-CHRISTOPHEFONDEUR
SystemsandComputerEngineering SagemSe´curite´
CarletonUniversity LePonantdeParis-27,rueLeblanc-75512
1125ColonelByDrive ParisCedex15
Ottawa,ONK1S5B6 France
Canada [email protected]
[email protected]
CARMENGARCIA-MATEO
JOSEPHP.CAMPBELL
TelecommunicationEngineeringSchool
InformationSystemsTechnologyGroup
UniversityofVigo
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
36310Vigo
244WoodStreet
Spain
Lexington,MA02420-9108
[email protected]
USA
[email protected]
JOSEFKITTLER
RAFFAELECAPPELLI FacultyofEngineering&PhysicalSciences
UniversityofSurrey
DepartmentofElectronics,InformaticsandSystems
Guildford,GU27XH
(DEIS)
UK
UniversityofBologna
[email protected]
ViaGaspareFinali
56 Cesena
Italy HALEKIM
[email protected] SchoolofInformation&Communication
Engineering
CHRISTOPHECHAMPOD 253Yonghyun-dong
InstitutdePoliceScientifique Nam-ku,Incheon,402-751
EcoledesSciencesCriminelles Korea
Universite’deLausanne [email protected]
1015Lausanne
Switzerland AJAYKUMAR
[email protected]
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering&Chemistry
TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity
STEPHENELLIOTT
HungHom,Kowloon
DepartmentofIndustrialTechnology
HongKong
PurdueUniversity
[email protected]
WestLafayette,IN47907-2021
USA
[email protected] DAVIDEMALTONI
DepartmentofElectronics,InformaticsandSystems
JULIANFIERREZ (DEIS)
EscuelaPolitecnicaSuperior UniversityofBologna
UniversidadAutonomadeMadrid VialeRisorgimento,2 Bologna
28049Madrid Cesena
Spain Italy
julian.fi[email protected] [email protected]
#2009SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC
x AreaEditors
ALEIXMARTINEZ MARIOSSAVVIDES
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
TheOhioStateUniversity CarnegieMellonUniversity
2015NeilAvenue 4720ForbesAvenue
Columbus,OH43210 Pittsburg,PA15213
USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]
MARKNIXON YOICHISETO
DepartmentofElectronicsandComputerScience AdvancedInstituteofIndustrialTechnology
UniversityofSouthampton TokyoMetropolitanUniversity
SO171BJ Tokyo
UK Japan
[email protected] [email protected]
GEPPYPARZIALE COLINSOUTAR
iNVASIVECODE
273,BroadwayAvenue
AvdaPassapera17-17310LloretdeMar(GI)
Toronto,ONM4P1W1
Barcelona
Canada
Spain
[email protected]
[email protected]
FERNANDOPODIO WEI-YUNYAU
AgencyforScience,Technology&Research
ComputerSecurityDivision
InstituteforInfocommResearch
NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology
1FusionopolisWay
(NIST)
#21-01Connexis(SouthTower)
Gaithersburg,MD
Singapore138632
USA
Singapore
[email protected]
[email protected]
SALILPRABHAKAR
AlgorithmsResearchGroup PONGC.YUEN
DigitalPersona DepartmentofComputerScience
RedwoodCity,CA94063 HongKongBaptistUniversity
USA KowloonTong
[email protected] HongKong
[email protected]
ARUNROSS
LaneDepartmentofComputerScienceandElectrical DAVIDZHANG
Engineering DepartmentofComputing
WestVirginiaUniversity TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity
Morgantown,26506WV HungHom,Kowloon
USA HongKong
[email protected] [email protected]