Table Of ContentBiomedical Engineering
B
“…The volumes are well organized and each section consistently present[s] the most important concepts of each topic….
A very good first reference for researchers and students.” i
o
—Pharmaceutical Research
m
“…The encyclopedia is up-to-date and covers topics in depth…Recommended.”
—Choice a
“…This work will be of considerable value to scientists, clinicians, and others needing a conceptual framework, data, and t Encyclopedia of
suggested approaches to research problems and product development.” e
—Dr. Frederick J. Schoen, Professor and Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, r
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
i
a
“…Comprehensive coverage of the field…Authors include world-renowned clinicians, engineers and biomedical scientists Biomaterials and
from all relevant disciplines…” l
—Dr. Harvey S. Borovetz, Professor and Chair, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA s
a E
about the book…
n n Biomedical engineering
Written by more than 400 subject experts representing diverse academic and applied domains, this multidisciplinary resource surveys
the vanguard of biomaterials and biomedical engineering technologies utilizing biomaterials that lead to quality-of-life improvements. d c
y
Building on traditional engineering principles, it serves to bridge advances in materials science, life sciences, nanotechnology, and cell
biology to innovations in solving medical problems with applications in tissue engineering, prosthetics, drug delivery, biosensors, and B c
l
medical devices. i o
o
In nearly 300 entries, this four-volume Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Second Edition, covers: p s e co nd e d iti o n , V o l ume 1
m
• essential topics integral to tissue engineering research: bioreactors, scaffolding materials and fabrication, tissue mechanics, e
cellular interaction, and development of major tissues and organs being attempted by researchers worldwide e
d
• artificial lungs and muscles, bio-artificial livers, and corneal, dental, inner ear, and total hip implants d
i
• tissue engineering of blood vessels, heart valves, ligaments, microvascular networks, skeletal muscle, and skin a
i
• bone remodeling, bone cement, and bioabsorbable bone plates and screws c
• controlled drug delivery, insulin delivery, and transdermal and ocular implant-based drug delivery o
a
• endovascular stent grafts, vascular grafts, and xenografts f
• 3-D medical imaging, electrical impedance imaging, and intravascular ultrasound l
• biomedical, protein adsorption, and in vivo cardiovascular modeling e
• polymer foams, biofunctional and conductive polymers, and electroactive polymeric materials n
• blood–material interactions, the bone–implant interface, host reactions, and foreign body responses
g Edited by
• and much more
i
n
about the editors...
gary e. Wnek
e
GARY E. WNEK is the Joseph F. Toot, Jr. Professor of Engineering, Professor and Chair of the Department of Macromolecular Science and
e
Engineering, and Faculty Director of The Institute for Management and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
He is the author or coauthor of over 130 journal articles and 19 patents, and the coeditor of four books, including the Handbook of r gary l. BoWlin
Pharmaceutical Controlled Release Technology, Photonic Polymer Systems, and Electrical and Optical Polymer Systems (Informa Press). His i
n
research interests include the development of polymeric materials for applications in medicine, microfluidics, and energy conversion and
storage. A member of the American Chemical Society, the Materials Research Society, and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, g
Dr. Wnek received the B.S. degree in chemical engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts, and the Ph.D. degree
in polymer science and engineering from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
GARY L. BOWLIN is an Associate Professor and the Louis and Ruth Harris Exceptional Scholar Professorship of Biomedical Engineering at
second
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. He has extensive experience in cardiovascular materials and the field of tissue
edition
engineering. As a researcher, he has authored or coauthored over 50 journal articles in the areas of vascular tissue engineering and
—
biopolymer processing for tissue engineering scaffolds. He also holds five U.S. patents and is a Co-Founding inventor of NanoMatrix,
Volume 1
Inc., based on electrospinning tissue engineering scaffold technology and TraumaCure, Inc., regarding the development of hemostatic
Adhe–Defi
products. Dr. Bowlin is a member of the Biomedical Engineering Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Society for Bio-
materials, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine International Society, and the International Society of Applied Cardiovascular
Biology. Dr. Bowlin received the B.S. in chemical engineering from Youngstown State University, Ohio, the M.S. in chemical engineering
from the University of New Hampshire, Durham, and the Ph.D. degree in biomedical engineering from The University of Akron, Ohio. Wnek
Printed in the United States of America —
H7953
BoWlin
Encyclopedia of
Biomaterials and
Biomedical engineering
Encyclopedia of
Biomaterials and
Biomedical engineering
s e c o n d e d i t i o n , v o l u m e 1
edited by
gary e. Wnek
Case Western Reserve University
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
gary l. BoWlin
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia, USA
Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.
52 Vanderbilt Avenue
New York, NY 10017
r2008byInformaHealthcareUSA,Inc.(exceptasnotedontheopeningpageofeacharticle).InformaHealthcare
is an Informa business.
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-7953-0 (Hardcover: Volume 1)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7953-1 (Hardcover: Volume 1)
International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-7954-9 (Hardcover: Volume 2)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7954-8 (Hardcover: Volume 2)
International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-7955-7 (Hardcover: Volume 3)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7955-5 (Hardcover: Volume 3)
International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-7956-5 (Hardcover: Volume 4)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7956-2 (Hardcover: Volume 4)
Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reprintedmaterialisquoted
with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for
the validity of all materials or for the consequence of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
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TrademarkNotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyfor
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of biomaterials and biomedical engineering / edited by
Gary E. Wnek, Gary L. Bowlin. – 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-7802-2 (hb : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4200-7802-X (hb : alk. paper) 1. Biomedical materials–
Encyclopedias. 2. Biomedical engineering–Encyclopedias. I. Wnek,
Gary E. II. Bowlin, Gary L.
[DNLM: 1. Biomedical and Dental Materials–Encyclopedias–English.
2. Biomedical Engineering–Encyclopedias–English. QT 13 E5292 2008]
R857.M3E53 2008
610.28’403–dc22
2008010753
ForCorporateSalesandReprintPermissionscall212-520-2700orwriteto:SalesDepartment,52VanderbiltAvenue,
16th floor, New York, NY 10017.
Visit the Informa Web site at
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and the Informa Healthcare Web site at
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Editors
Gary E. Wnek
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
Gary L. Bowlin
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board
James Anderson Arnauld Nicogossian
CaseWesternReserveUniversity,Cleveland,Ohio, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia,
U.S.A. U.S.A.
Deon Bezuidenhout Nikolaos Peppas
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
South Africa U.S.A.
Rena Bizios Christine E. Schmidt
University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Texas, U.S.A.
Jerome S. Schultz
University of California, Riverside, Riverside,
Larry L. Hench
California, U.S.A.
ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
V. Prasad Shastri
Allan S. Hoffman
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,
U.S.A.
Debra Trantolo
Cambridge Scientific, Inc., Cambridge, Massa-
Yoshito Ikada
chusetts, U.S.A.
Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka,
Mie, Japan Rachel L. Williams
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Robert Langer
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge, Nicholas Ziats
Massachusetts, U.S.A. CaseWesternReserveUniversity,Cleveland,Ohio,
U.S.A.
Gerald E. Miller
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond,
Virginia, U.S.A.
List of Contributors
Soumyadipta Acharya / The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Clayton Adam / Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Babita Agrawal / University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Carlos A. Aguilar / University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Juana Maria Alfaro / Cordis de Mexico, Juarez, Mexico
Heather Ambrose / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Catherine G. Ambrose / University of Texas–Houston School of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Farid Amirouche / University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Javier de Ana / University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
Luke Aram / DePuy Orthopedics/Johnson & Johnson Company
James H. Arps / Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
James A. Arrowood / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Tetsuo Asakura / Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
Anthony Atala / Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem,
North Carolina, U.S.A.
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou / Rice University, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Jay Audett / ALZA Corporation, Mountain View, California, U.S.A.
Franc-ois A. Auger / LOEX, Hoˆpital du Saint-Sacrement du CHA, and Laval University, Quebec City,
Quebec, Canada
Konstantinos Avgoustakis / University of Patras, Patras, Rio, Greece
Stephen F. Badylak / University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Richard Baker / Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Deepak Banerjee / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Peter B. Barker / Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.
Clive M. Baumgarten / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Roger Bayston / University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Matthew J. Beckman / Virginia Commonwealth University, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery &
Biochemistry, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Paul J. Benkeser / Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Besim Ben-Nissan / University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Stanley A. Berger / University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Earl J. Bergey / State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.
Franc-ois Berthiaume / Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners
Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Serena Best / University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
Kazuhisa Bessho / Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
Deon Bezuidenhout / University of Cape Town Medical School, and Groote Schuur Hospital,
Cape Town, South Africa
Vineet Bhandari / Yale University School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, New Haven,
Connecticut, U.S.A.
Luc Bilodeau / Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Katharina Bittner / BioSurgery European Marketing, Baxter BioScience, Munich, Germany
viii
Matthew J. Bizzarro / Yale University School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital, New Haven,
Connecticut, U.S.A.
Kirby S. Black / CryoLife, Inc., Kennesaw, Georgia, U.S.A.
Michael Blakeney / University of London, London, U.K.
Torsten Blunk / University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Aldo R. Boccaccini / Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Aldo Boccaccini / Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Ivan Bojanic´ / University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Jack C. Bokros / Medical Carbon Research Institute, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Eugene D. Boland / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Babul Borah / Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, Ohio, U.S.A.
J. T. Borenstein / Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Adele L. Boskey / Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Gary L. Bowlin / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
James R. Bowman, III / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Kellye D. Branch / Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Ricardo R. Brau / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Robert C. Bray / University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and McCaig Centre for Joint
Injuries and Arthritis Research
William T. Brinkman / Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
William C. Broaddus / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Kelvin G. M. Brockbank / Organ Recovery Systems, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Timothy J. Broderick / University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
Anna-Liisa Brownell / Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Ian C. Bruce / McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Donald M. Brunette / University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Gil Bub / McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Anne-Marie Buckle / The University of Manchester, Manchester, England, U.K.
Joel D. Bumgardner / Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Andrew Burd / The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
Christie D. Bures / University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Elisabeth H. Burger / Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Karen J.L. Burg / Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Lori L. Burrows / Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Sandra C. P. Cachinho / University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
Jinhua Cao / Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
E. L. Carniel / University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Marcus E. Carr, Jr. / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Patrick Carrier / LOEX, Hoˆpital du Saint-Sacrement de CHA, and Laval University, Quebec City,
Quebec, Canada
Elliot L. Chaikof / Emory University School of Medicine, and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,
Georgia, U.S.A.
Christina Chan / Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Hospital
for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
W. Chang / Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, U.S.A.
Aditya Chaubey / Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Babak Chehroudi / University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Q. Chen / The University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Qi-Zhi Chen / Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
ix
Shaochen Chen / University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
Ruizhen Rachel Chen / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
S. Chethana / Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Vikram S. Chib / Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Traian V. Chirila / Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
Paula Chmielewski / Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Mason, Ohio, U.S.A.
Charles D. Choi / General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, Fairfax, Virginia, and University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
P. Christian / University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester, U.K.
Seth I. Christian / Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, U.S.A.
Chih-Chang Chu / Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
Paul Kim Ho Chu / City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Hsi-Wei Chung / Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
Timothy A. M. Chuter / University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
Graeme M. Clark / University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
William R. Clark / Gambro Renal Products (Intensive Care), Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A.
Suzanne Conroy / AST Products, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Rory A. Cooper / University of Pittsburgh, and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Alastair N. Cormack / New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, U.S.A.
Michel Cormier / ALZA Corporation, Mountain View, California, U.S.A.
Brian N. Craig / Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, U.S.A.
Nancy A. Crigger / Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
J. K. Critser / University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.
J.N. Amritha De Croos / Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M. J. Cross / Australian Institute of Musculo-Skeletal Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Guy Daculsi / Nantes University, and INSERM EM 9903, INSERM, Nantes, France, France
Peter Daddona / ALZA Corporation, Mountain View, California, U.S.A.
Jawwad A. Darr / University College London, London, U.K.
Neil Davies / University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Jeff Davis / University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.A.
Patti E. Dawson / CryoLife, Inc., Kennesaw, Georgia, U.S.A.
Richard M. Day / St. Mark’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Geoff Dearnaley / Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
Richard E. Debski / University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
K. C. Dee / Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.
Stephen P. Denyer / University of Brighton, Brighton, and Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Tejal Desai / Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Steven Deutsch / The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Scott L. Diamond / University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Robert F. Diegelmann / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
James P. Dioria / Baxter Technology Resources, Round Dake, Illinois, U.S.A.
L. Di-Silvio / University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Trust, Middlesex, and
The Guy’s, King’s, and St. Thomas’ Hospital Medical and Dental Institute, King’s College London,
London, United Kingdom
Charles R. Doarn / Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, and University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
P. J. Doherty / University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
