Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition: V1-6

2874 Pages·2014·138.01 MB·English

by  Gerald R. North, John A. Pyle, Fuqing Zhang

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME 1
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
GERALD R NORTH
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
EDITORS
JOHN PYLE
Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
FUQING ZHANG
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
VOLUME 1
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford
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DEDICATION
This second edition of the Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences is dedicated to the memory of James Holton who
was editor-in-chief of the first edition. He was a great researcher and colleague inspiring an entire generation of
atmospheric scientists.
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CONTENTS
List of Contributors xxvii
Preface to the First Edition xxxix
Preface to the Second Edition xli
Editor Biographies xliii
Guide to Using the Encyclopedia xlv
VOLUME 1
BASIC ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND CONCEPTS 1
Beaufort Wind Scale 1
L Hasse
Wind Chill 7
M Bluestein
Standard Atmosphere 12
W W Vaughan
AEROSOLS 17
AerosoleCloud Interactions and Their Radiative Forcing 17
U Lohmann
Aerosol Physics and Chemistry 23
M Kalberer
Climatology of Stratospheric Aerosols 32
L W Thomason and J-P Vernier
Climatology of Tropospheric Aerosols 40
N Bellouin and J Haywood
Dust 48
I N Sokolik
Observations and Measurements 53
P H McMurry
Role in Radiative Transfer 66
G A Ban-Weiss, and W D Collins
vii
viii Contents
Role in Climate Change 76
N Bellouin
Soot 86
P Chylek, S G Jennings, and R Pinnick
Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology 92
E S Takle
ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC 98
Antarctic Climate 98
J Turner
Arctic Climate 107
M C Serreze
Arctic Haze 116
L M Russell and G E Shaw
AIR SEA INTERACTIONS
Freshwater Flux 122
J Schulz
Momentum, Heat, and Vapor Fluxes 129
P K Taylor
Sea Surface Temperature 136
W J Emery
Surface Waves 144
A Benilov
AVIATION METEOROLOGY 153
Aircraft Emissions 153
R R Friedl
Aircraft Icing 160
M K Politovich
Aviation Weather Hazards 166
A J Bedard, Jr
Clear Air Turbulence 177
G P Ellrod (Retired), J A Knox, P F Lester, and L J Ehernberger (Retired)
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 187
Sulfur Cycle 187
P Brimblecombe
Bromine 194
R von Glasow and C Hughes
Heavy Metals 201
T D Jickells and A R Baker
Contents ix
Iodine 205
L J Carpenter
BOUNDARY LAYER (ATMOSPHERIC) AND AIR POLLUTION 220
Overview 220
P J Mason and D J Thomson
Air Pollution Meteorology 227
X-M Hu
Coherent Structures 237
F T M Nieuwstadt and J C R Hunt
Complex Terrain 242
J J Finnigan
Convective Boundary Layer 250
M A LeMone
Microclimate 258
M W Rotach and P Calanca
Modeling and Parameterization 265
A A M Holtslag
Observational Techniques In Situ 274
E F Bradley
Observational Techniques: Remote 284
W M Angevine and C J Senff
Ocean Mixed Layer 290
L Kantha and C A Clayson
Stably Stratified Boundary Layer 299
L Mahrt
Surface Layer 305
G L Geernaert
Urban Heat Islands 310
J C Luvall, D A Quattrochi, D L Rickman, and M G Estes, Jr
Diurnal Cycle 319
A Betts
CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 324
Chemical Kinetics 324
R P Wayne
Ion Chemistry 333
J L Fox
Isotopes, Stable 348
C A M Brenninkmeijer
Laboratory Kinetics 356
D J Donaldson and S N Wren