Encyclopedia of American Disability History (Facts on File Library of American History)

1106 Pages·2009·11.91 MB·English

by  Susan

Encyclopedia
of American
Disability History
Edited by Susan Burch, Ph.D.
Foreword by Paul K. Longmore, Ph.D.
EncyclopEdia of amErican disability History
Copyright © 2009 Facts On File
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission
in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
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library of congress cataloging-in-publication data
Encyclopedia of American disability history / edited by Susan Burch ; foreword
by Paul K. Longmore.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-7030-5 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-4381-2672-2 (ebook)
1. Disabilities—United States—Encyclopedias.
2. Disabilities—United States—History. I. Burch, Susan.
HV1553.E523 2009
362.40973'03—dc22 2008030537
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions.
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Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi
Illustrations by Dale Williams
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent
postconsumer recycled content.
Contents
.,
List of Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
Entries A–Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995
Sources for Highlighted Quotes . . .1048
List of Entries
.,
Abbott, Jim American Coalition of Citizens with audio description
ableism Disabilities audism
abuse American Council of the Blind autism
access and accessibility American Disabled for Attendant Autism Society of America
Access Board Programs Today automobiles
Accessible Pedestrian Signal American Federation of the Physically Avila, Homer
Access Unlimited Handicapped AXIS Dance Company
activism and advocacy American Foundation for the Blind Baby Doe cases
actors American Indian Disability Technical backlash
ACT UP Assistance Center Barden-LaFollette Act
addiction American Printing House for the Blind Barnum, P. T.
advertising American Revolution Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
affirmative action American School for the Deaf Beast with Five Fingers, The
age and ageism American Sign Language Beecher, Catharine
Age Discrimination Act Americans with Disabilities Act Beers, Clifford
Agent Orange amniocentesis beggars and begging
aging amputees and amputation Bell, Alexander Graham
AIDS Andersson, Yerker Bell, Mabel
Air Carrier Access Act Angels in America Bellevue Hospital
airplanes ANSI Bell Laboratories
Alexander Graham Bell Association antidepressants Belluso, John
for the Deaf antipsychotic drugs Berkeley, California
Allen, Frances and Mary Arbus, Diane Bernstein, Charles
almshouses ARC, The Best Years of Our Lives, The
Alzheimer’s disease Architectural Barriers Act Bethune, Thomas (“Blind Tom”)
American Annals of the Deaf architecture Binet, Alfred
American Association of the arthritis Bishop, Elizabeth
Deaf-Blind Asperger’s syndrome black lung
American Association of People with assistive technology and adaptive Black Panther Party
Disabilities devices Black Stork, The
American Association on asylums and institutions Blank, Wade
Intellectual and Developmental attention-deficit/hyperactivity blind
Disabilities disorder Blind Boys of Alabama
iv
List of Entries v
Blinded Veterans Association chronic illness degeneration
Board of Education v. Rowley circus deinstitutionalization
Boggs, Elizabeth City Lights De Kroyft, Helen
Bookshare Civil Service Reform Act Deliverance
Boone, John William (“Blind Boone”) Civil War dementia
Booth, Edmund Clarke School for the Deaf Department of Veterans Affairs
Born on the Fourth of July Cleland, Max dependent and dependence
Boswell, Connie Clerc, Laurent depression
Bourne, Randolph Cloak of Competence, The Developmental Disabilities Assistance
Bove, Linda Close, Chuck and Bill of Rights Act
Bowe, Frank closed caption decoders developmental disability
Bowen, Eli closed captioning diabetes
Brace, Julia Cobbs school Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Bragdon v. Abbott cochlear implants Mental Disorders
Bragg, Bernard Coelho, Tony disability art and artistic expression
Braidwood, John cognitive and intellectual disability disability culture
Braille, Louis Cogswell, Alice disability history archives
Braille code Cogswell, Mason Fitch Disability History Association
Braille music comic books Disability History Museum
Breslin, Mary Lou Coming Home Disability History Week
Bridgman, Laura communication debates Disability Rights and Education
Bristo, Marca community Defense Fund
Brown, Mordecai (“Three Finger”) Cone, Kitty disability rights movement
Buck, Carrie conjoined twins disability studies
Buck, Pearl Council for Exceptional Children Disability Studies Quarterly
Buck v. Bell Crippled Children’s Services Disabled American Veterans
Bunker, Chang and Eng Crosby, Fanny Disabled in Action
Burke, Chris crutches Disabled Peoples Liberation Front
Callahan, John Cued Speech DisAbled Women’s Network Canada
Cameron, Thomas Amis cultural deprivation theory disasters and disaster recovery
camps curb cuts disease
cancer cures disfigurement
Cannon, Annie Jump cyborg Dix, Dorothea
caregiving cystic fibrosis Dole, Bob
Carlin, John daily life Doonesbury
carpal tunnel syndrome dance dopamine
Center for Research on Women with Dark Victory Down syndrome
Disabilities Dart, Justin, Jr. drama
Center on Human Policy Davenport, Charles Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to
cerebral palsy deaf (Deaf) Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
Cerebral Palsy Journal Deaf Abused Women’s Network dwarfs and dwarfism
Chamberlin, Judi deaf and dumb Dybwad, Gunnar
Chaney, Lon deaf-blind Easter Seals
charity Deaflympics Eastwood, Clint
Charles, Ray Deaf Mosaic Ederle, Gertrude
children Deaf Mute’s Journal education
Children of a Lesser God Deaf President Now! Eigner, Larry
children of deaf adults (codas) Deaf studies electroconvulsive therapy
Children’s Bureau Deaf Women United Elkin, Stanley
Christmas in Purgatory defective employment and labor
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome deformity empowerment
vi Encyclopedia of American Disability History
endocrinology Gallaudet University Holmes, Walter George
epilepsy Galloway, Gertrude Scott hospice
Epilepsy Foundation Galton, Francis hospitals
ER Gannon, Jack Hotchkiss, John Burton
ethnicity Garretson, Mervin House Ear Institute
eugenics Garrett v. University of Alabama Howard, Jay Cooke
euthanasia Gattaca Howard, Petra Fandrem
Evans, Dale gender Howe, Samuel Gridley
exhibitions genetics Hoy, William “Dummy”
exploitation Gifford, Peleg Hudson, Rock
facilitated communication Gilbreth, Frank Bunker and Lillian Human Genome Project
faculty psychology Moller humor
family Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Hunchback of Notre Dame, The
Farrelly brothers Glass Menagerie, The Huntington’s disease
fat globalization Hurricane Katrina
Faulkner, William Goddard, Henry hysteria
Fay, Edward Allen Goffman, Erving identity
Fay, Frederick Goodwill Industries idiocy
feebleminded Grandin, Temple illness
feminist disability studies Graybill, Patrick immigration policy
fetal alcohol syndrome Grealy, Lucy impairment/impaired
fetishism Griffin, John Howard imposters
fibromyalgia group homes inclusion education
Fiduccia, Barbara Waxman guide dogs Independent Living Movement
Figueroa, Patricio Gulf War syndrome Individuals with Disabilities
films Haiselden, Harry Education Act
fingerspelling Hamilton, Marilyn industrialization
Fischer, Angeline Fuller handicap injustice
Fitter Families contests Handicapped Homemaker Project insanity
Fjeld, Julianna Hanger, James Edward institutionalization
Flournoy, John Hanson, Agatha Tiegel intelligence tests
Flowers for Algernon Hanson, Olof International Convention on the
Ford, Henry hard of hearing Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Ford Motor Company Hasenstab, Philip J. International Symbol of Access
Forrest Gump Hauerwas, Stanley International Year of Disabled Persons
Foster, Andrew Hawking, Stephen Internet
foster care H-Disability intersex/intersexuality
Foucault, Michel Head Start invalid and invalidism
Fox, Michael J. health care involuntary sterilization
Frampton, Merle Health Insurance Portability and Iraq War
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Accountability Act iron lung
freakery hearing aids isolation therapy
Freaks hearing impaired Jacobs, Leo M.
freak shows Hearing Loss Association of America Jefferson, “Blind” Lemon
Frelich, Phyllis Hearne, Paul G. Jernigan, Kenneth B.
Freud, Sigmund Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, The Jewell, Geri
Gage, Phineas Heckman, Helen Johnny Belinda
Gallagher, Hugh Gregory hemophilia Johnson, Harriet McBryde
Gallaudet, Edward Miner Hershey, Laura Jordan, Barbara
Gallaudet, Sophia Fowler Heumann, Judy Jordan, I. King
Gallaudet, Thomas HIV Jukes study
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins Hockenberry, John Kafka, Robert
List of Entries vii
Kallikak family Marcus, Neil National Association of Psychiatric
Kanner, Leo Martha’s Vineyard Survivors
Keller, Helen Mask National Association of the Deaf
Kemp, Evan J. Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind National Association of the Deaf
Kendall, Amos Matlin, Marlee sign language film preservation
Kennedy, John F. May, Elizabeth Eckhardt campaign
Kennedy, Rosemary Maytum, Thadine Hedges National Association of the Physically
Kenny, Elizabeth McCullers, Carson Handicapped
Keplinger, Dan McDaniel, Durward National Black Deaf Advocates
Kesey, Ken McMurtrie, Douglas Crawford National Committee for Mental
Kevorkian, Jack McTell, William “Blind Willie” Hygiene
King Gimp Medicaid National Council on Independent
Kirk, Rahsaan Roland medical model of disability Living
Kirkbride, Thomas Medicare National Disability Sports Alliance
Klumpke, Anna Elizabeth Mehta, Ved National Employ the Physically
Korean War melancholy Handicapped Week
Kowalski, Sharon memoir National Exhibit by Blind Artists, Inc.
Kurzweil, Ray Men, The National Federation of the Blind
labeling theory Mental Health America National Foundation for Infantile
labor bureaus for the deaf mental hygiene movement Paralysis
labor unions mental illness National Fraternal Society of the
language and terminology mental retardation Deaf
Laurie, Gini Mental Retardation Facilities and National Institute on Disability and
law and policy Community Mental Health Centers Rehabilitation Research
League of the Physically Handicapped Construction Act National Library Service for the Blind
learning disability Midget Cities and Physically Handicapped
Lemon, George Milledgeville Asylum National Organization on Disability
leprosy Miller, Vassar National Paraplegia Foundation
Lewis, Jerry Million Dollar Baby National Spinal Cord Injury
LGBT Mills v. Board of Education Association
Life Goes On Miracle Worker, The National Technical Institute for the
Lincoln, Mary Todd Miss Deaf America Deaf
literature Mitchell, S. Weir National Theatre of the Deaf
Little Locksmith, The mobility neurasthenia
little paper family Molokai Leper Colony New Deal
Little People mongoloid Newsline for the Blind
Little People of America moral treatment nondisabled
lobotomy moron normal and normalcy
long canes Morquio syndrome normalization and social role
Long Day’s Journey into Night Morrison, Toni valorization
Longmore, Paul K. Mr. Magoo Not Dead Yet
long-term care Ms. Wheelchair America Nugent, Timothy J.
Low, Juliette Gordon Mullins, Aimee Nuremberg Principles
lupus multiple chemical sensitivity O’Brien, Mark
Lusher, Ruth multiple sclerosis obsessive compulsive disorder
Mace, Ronald L. Murderball occupational therapy
Macy, Anne Sullivan muscular dystrophy O’Connor, Flannery
mad people and madness Muscular Dystrophy Association Of Mice and Men
mainstreaming music Olin, Tom
Mann, Horace National Alliance on Mental Illness One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Manning, Lynn National Association of Multicultural Opal, The
March of Dimes Rehabilitation Concerns optical character recognition
viii Encyclopedia of American Disability History
oralism prosthetics Séguin, Edouard
organizations protest self-advocates and self-advocacy
orthopedic hospitals Prozac Self Advocates Becoming Empowered
Ostroff, Elaine psychiatric drugs senility
Other Side of the Mountain, The psychiatric survivor September 11, 2001
Other Voices Project psychiatry service animals
O’Toole, Corbett public history sexuality
Outlook for the Blind public welfare Shannon, Bill “CrutchMaster”
overcome and overcoming quarantine sheltered workshops
Pach, Alexander queer disability studies Showers, Reggie
Packard, Elizabeth Quinlan, Karen Ann Shriver, Eunice Kennedy
pain race sickle-cell disease
painters Ragged Edge sign language interpreters and
Paralympic Games railroad spine interpreting
Paralyzed Veterans of America Rain Man Silent Worker, The
paraplegics and paraplegia Randolph-Sheppard Act Simon Birch
PARC v. Commonwealth of Redden, Laura Catherine Singer, Peter
Pennsylvania Redmond, Granville Seymour sit-in protest at the Department of
parent advocacy groups Reeve, Christopher Health, Education and Welfare
Parkinson’s disease Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf slavery
Passing of the Great Race, The Rehabilitation International Smith-Fess Act
Passion Fish Reich, Alan Snake Pit, The
Paterson, David religion Snedden, David
patient rights representation social competence
peddlers and peddling reproductive rights social construction of disability
Peet, Elizabeth residential schools social control
performance artists rest cure Social Darwinism
Perkins, Thomas Handasyd Roberts, Barbara and Mike Sanders Social Security Act
Perkins School for the Blind Roberts, Ed social work
Perry, Newell Rolling Quads Society for Disability Studies
Persian Gulf War Romero, Emerson Sound and the Fury, The
PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin Roosevelt, Franklin D. Southeastern Community College v.
photography Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Davis
physician-assisted suicide Rehabilitation South Park
Piano, The Rousso, Harilyn special
playwrights rubella special education
poetry Rush, Benjamin Special Olympics
Poisonwood Bible, The Rusk, Howard speech disorders
polio Russell, Harold spina bifida
popular culture Sacks, Oliver spinal cord injury
Porgy and Bess sanitariums Spofford, Harriet Prescott
poster child Sarason, Seymour B. sports
poverty scars Stafford, May Martin
Prescott, William Hickling Scent of a Woman staring
President’s Committee for People with Schiavo, Terri Starkloff, Max
Intellectual Disabilities schizophrenia Star Trek
President’s Committee on Schowe, Benjamin Marshall, Sr. Star Wars
Employment of People with Schreiber, Frederick C. Steinbeck, John
Disabilities science and technology St. Elizabeths Hospital
print media sculpture and installation art stereotypes
prison Section 504 stigma
Problem, The Seeing Eye, The Stokoe, William C., Jr.
List of Entries ix
Strachan, Paul A. traumatic brain injury Washburn, Cadwallader
Stratton, Charles Sherwood TTY Waterdance, The
Stratton-Porter, Gene tuberculosis Waterstreet, Edmund, Jr.
stuttering Tuskegee syphilis study Weitbrecht, Robert H.
Suddenly, Last Summer Twitch and Shout Welner, Sandra L.
Supplemental Security Income ugly laws West Wing, The
Swan, Anna Haining Unbreakable Wharton, Edith
Swearingen, John Eldred United Cerebral Palsy Association “What Is It?”
Switzer, Mary Elizabeth United Mine Workers of America What’s Eating Gilbert Grape
Syle, Henry Winter Welfare and Retirement Fund wheelchairs
Szasz, Thomas S. United States Census Wheelchair Sports, USA
talking books universal design Wheels of Justice
TASH USA Deaf Sports Federation White, Ryan
Tatum, Art Valli, Clayton Whitestone, Heather
Taussig, Helen Brooke Veditz, George W. Wilbur, Hervey Backus
Taylor, Luther “Dummy” venereal disease Wilke, Harold H.
Telecommunications Act veterans Williams, Boyce R.
telethons Vetter, David Wilson, Junius
television Vietnam War Wit
Television Decoder Circuitry Act Vineland Training School Wolf, Emma
temporarily able-bodied violence Wonder, Stevie
tenBroek, Jacobus Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Woodhull, Victoria
Tennessee v. Lane Feebleminded worker’s arm
Terman, Lewis vocational rehabilitation workers’ compensation
Terry, Alice Taylor Vocational Rehabilitation Act World Institute on Disability
Terry, Howard vocational training World War I
thalidomide voice recognition software World War II
theater voting Wright, Patrisha A.
Theater Breaking Through Barriers VSA Arts Wright, Sophie Bell
Thorazine Wade, Cheryl Marie X-Men
Tilden, Douglas Wait Until Dark Yale, Caroline Ardelia
Tillinghast family Walker, Sylvia L. “Yellow Wallpaper, The”
To Kill a Mockingbird Walloch, Greg Youngberg v. Romeo
Tourette syndrome war Zola, Irving Kenneth
trachoma War of the Dots Zukas, Hale J.
transportation Warren, Lavinia