Table Of ContentRT2451_half title page 8/4/04 1:00 PM Page 1
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
E
ncyclopedia of
A H
frican istory
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BOARD OF ADVISORS
Jacob F. Ade Ajayi Shula Marks
Professor Emeritus, Department of History Professor Emeritus
University of Ibadan, Nigeria School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England
David M. Anderson John Middleton
St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford, England
Suzanne Miers
Guy Arnold Professor Emeritus, Department of History
Writer and lecturer, London, England Ohio University,Athens
A. Adu Boahen Malyn Newitt
Professor Emeritus, Department of History Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies
University of Ghana King’s College (London, England)
Philip L. Bonner Bethwell A. Ogot
Department of History Institute of Research and Postgraduate Studies
University of Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa Maseno University College, Kenya
Roland Oliver
Michael Brett
Emeritus, University of London
Department of History
School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England
Jack D. Parson
Department of Political Science
Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch
College of Charleston, South Carolina
Laboratoire Sociétés en development dans l’espace et les temps
Université de Paris VII–Denis Diderot, France
Neil Parsons
Department of History
John Fage†
University of Botswana
Centre for West African Studies, University of Birmingham
John Peel
Toyin Falola
Department of Anthropology and Sociology
Department of History
School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England
University of Texas,Austin
David W. Phillipson
Richard Gray
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Emeritus, University of London
University of Cambridge, England
Mark Horton
Richard Rathbone
Department of Archaeology
Department of History
University of Bristol, England
School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England
David Kiyaga-Mulindwa
Andrew Roberts
University of Makerere (Uganda)
Emeritus, University of London
Nehemia Levtzion
Jan Vansina
Department of History
Professor Emeritus, Department of History
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Paul E. Lovejoy
Joseph O. Vogel
Department of History
Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology
University of York,Toronto, Canada
University of Alabama,Tuscaloosa
Mahmood Mamdani
Tom Young
Department of Anthropology
Department of Political Studies
Columbia University, New York
School of Oriental and African Studies, London, England
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C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
E
ncyclopedia of
A H
frican istory
Volume 1
A–G
Kevin Shillington, Editor
Fitzroy Dearborn
An Imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
New York • London
Published in 2005 by
Fitzroy Dearborn
Taylor & Francis Group
270 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10016
Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, a Division of T&F Informa.
Fitzroy Dearborn is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of African history / Kevin Shillington, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57958-245-1 (alk. paper)
1. Africa—History—Encyclopedias. I. Shillington, Kevin.
DT20.E53 2004
960’.03—dc22 2004016779
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C
ONTENTS
List of Entries A–Z vii
List of Entries: Thematic xxi
Introduction xxxv
The Encyclopedia 1
Contributors 1741
Index 1755
v
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-
L E A Z
IST OF NTRIES
(with chronological sublistings within nation/group categories)
VOLUME 1
A Algeria:Algiers and Its Capture,1815–1830
‘Abd Allah ibn Yasin:Almoravid:Sahara Algeria:Conquest and Resistance,1831–1879
‘Abd al-Mu’min:Almohad Empire,1140–1269 Algeria:Government and Administration,1830–1914
‘Abd al-Qadir Algeria:Muslim Population,1871–1954
‘Abouh,Muhammad Algeria:European Population,1830–1954
Abu Madian,al-Shadhili and the Spread of Sufism in Algeria:Arabism and Islamism
the Maghrib Algeria,Colonial:Islamic Ideas and Movements in
Abuja Algeria:Nationalism and Reform,1911–1954
Accra Algeria:War of Independence,1954–1962
Achebe,Chinua Algeria:Ben Bella,Boumédienne,Era of,1960s
Adal:Ibrahim,Ahmad ibn,Conflict with Ethiopia, and 1970s
1526–1543 Algeria:Bendjedid and Elections,1978–1990
Addis Ababa Algeria:International Relations,1962–Present
African Development Bank Algeria:Islamic Salvation Front,Military Rule,Civil
Africanus,Leo War,1990s
Afrikaans and Afrikaner Nationalism,Nineteenth Algiers
Century Allada and Slave Trade
Aghlabid Amirate of Ifriqiya (800–909) All-African People’s Conference,1958
Agriculture,Cash Crops,Food Security Anglo-Zulu War,1879–1887
Ahidjo,Ahmadou Angola,Eighteenth Century
Aid,International,NGOs and the State Angola:Ambaquista,Imbangala,and Long-Distance
Air,Sultanate of Trade
Aja-Speaking Peoples:Aja,Fon,Ewe,Seventeenth Angola:Chokwe,Ovimbundu,Nineteenth Century
and Eighteenth Centuries Angola:Slave Trade,Abolition of
Aja-Speaking Peoples:Dahomey,Rise of, Angola:“Scramble”
Seventeenth Century Angola:New Colonial Period:Christianity,
Akan and Asante:Farmers,Traders,and the Missionaries,Independent Churches
Emergence of Akan States Angola:New Colonial Period:Economics of
Akan States:Bono,Dankyira,Wassa,Akyem, Colonialism
Akwamu,Fante,Fifteenth to Seventeenth Angola:New Colonial Period:White Immigration,
Centuries Mestiços,Assimilated Africans
Akan States:Eighteenth Century Angola:Revolts,1961
Akhenaten Angola:MPLA,FNLA,UNITA,and the War of
Aksum,Kingdom of Liberation,1961–1974
Alcohol:Popular Culture,Colonial Control Angola:Independence and Civil War,1974–1976
Alexandria Angola:Cold War Politics,Civil War,1975–1994
Alexandria and Early Christianity:Egypt Angola:Civil War:Impact of,Economic and Social
vii
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LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z
Angola:Peace Betrayed,1994 to the Present Borno (Bornu),Sultanate of,Seventeenth and
Antananarivo Eighteenth Centuries
Anti-Slavery Movement Botswana:Nineteenth Century:Precolonial
Anti-Slavery Squadron,Decline of Export Slave Botswana:Missionaries,Nineteenth Century
Trade,Nineteenth Century Botswana:Bechuanaland Protectorate,Founding of:
Arab and Islamic World,Africa in 1885–1899
Arab Bedouin:Banu Hilal,Banu Sulaym,Banu Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate):Colonial Period
Ma’qil (Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries) Botswana:Independence:Economic Development,
Armies,Colonial:Africans in Politics
Arms,Armies:Postcolonial Africa Boundaries,Colonial
Art and Architecture,History of African Bourbon,Ile de France,Seychelles:Eighteenth
Art,Postcolonial Century
Asante Kingdom:Osei Tutu and Founding of Brazzaville
Asians:East Africa British Togoland
Augustine,Catholic Church:North Africa Brussels Conference and Act,1890
Awolowo,Obafemi Buganda:To Nineteenth Century
Azikiwe,Nnamdi Bulawayo
Bunyoro
Burkina Faso (Upper Volta):Nineteenth Century
B Burkina Faso (Upper Volta):Colonial Period
Bagirmi,Wadai,and Darfur Burkina Faso (Upper Volta):Independence to the
Balewa,Alhaji Sir Abubakar Present
Bamako Burundi to c.1800
Banda,Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Burundi:Nineteenth Century:Precolonia
Banking and Finance Burundi:Colonial Period:German and Belgian
Bantu Cultivators:Kenyan Highlands Burundi:Independence to 1988
Barbary Corsairs and the Ottoman Provinces:Algiers, Burundi:1988 to Present
Tunis,and Tripoli in the Seventeenth Century Buthelezi and Inkatha Freedom Party
Beira Corridor Byzantine Africa,533–710
Bello,Alhaji (Sir) Ahmadu
Benin,Empire:Origins and Growth of City State
Benin,Empire:Oba Ewuare,Trade with the Portuguese C
Benin Kingdom:Nineteenth Century Cabinda
Benin Kingdom:British Conquest,1897 Cairo
Benin (Republic of)/Dahomey:Colonial Period: Cameroon:Nineteenth Century
Survey Cameroon (Kamerun):Colonial Period:German Rule
Benin (Republic of)/Dahomey:Independence,Coups, Cameroon:Colonial Period:British and French Rule
Politics Cameroon:Rebellion,Independence,Unification,
Benin,Republic of (Dahomey):Kérékou,Mathieu 1960–1961
Benin,Republic of (Dahomey):Democratization: Cameroon:Independence to the Present
National Conference and,1990s Cape Colony:Origins,Settlement,Trade
Benue Valley Peoples:Jukun and Kwarafa Cape Colony:Khoi-Dutch Wars
Berbers:Ancient North Africa Cape Colony:Slavery
Berlin West Africa Conference,1884–1885 Cape Colony:British Occupation,1806–1872
Bhambatha Rebellion,1906 Cape Liberalism,Nineteenth Century
Blantyre Cape Town
Blyden,E. W. Cape Verde,History of
Boer Expansion:Interior of South Africa Carthage
Boganda,Barthélemy Carvajal,Luis del Màrmol
Borno (Bornu),Sultanate of:Origins and Rise, Casablanca
Fifteenth Century Casely Hayford,Joseph Ephraim
Borno (Bornu),Sultanate of:Mai Idris Alooma Central Africa,Northern:Slave Raiding
Borno (Bornu),Sultanate of:Saifawa Dynasty: Central Africa,Northern:Central Sudanic Peoples
Horses,Slaves,Warfare Central Africa,Northern:Chadic Peoples
viii
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LIST OF ENTRIES A–Z
Central Africa,Northern:Islam,Pilgrimage Congo (Brazzaville),Republic of:Colonial Period:
Central Africa,Northern:Arab Penetration,Rise of Moyen-Congo
Cavalry States Congo (Brazzaville),Republic of:Independence,
Central African Republic:Nineteenth Century:Baya, Revolution,1958–1979
Banda,and Zande Congo (Brazzaville),Republic of:Liberalization,
Central African Republic:Colonial Period: Rebellion,1980s and 1990s
Occupation,Resistance,Baya Revolt,1928 Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Central African Republic:Colonial Period: Nineteenth Century:Precolonial
Oubangui-Chari Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Central African Republic:Nationalism, Congo Free State,1885–1908
Independence Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Central African Republic:1980s and 1990s Belgian Congo:Administration and Society,
Cetshwayo 1908–1960
Chad,Nineteenth Century:Kanem/Borno (Bornu) Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
and Wadai Belgian Congo:Colonial Economy,1908–1960
Chad:Colonial Period:French Rule Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Chad:Independence to the Present Evolués,Politics,Independence
Chad:Libya,Aozou Strip,Civil War Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Civil War:Postcolonial Africa Mobutu,Zaire,and Mobutuism
Climate and Vegetational Change in Africa Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Clothing and Cultural Change Mineral Factor
Cold War,Africa and the Congo (Kinshasa),Democratic Republic of/Zaire:
Collaboration as Resistance National Conference and Politics of Opposition,
Colonial European Administrations:Comparative 1990–1996
Survey Congo (Kinshasa):Post-Mobutu Era
Colonial Federations:British Central Africa Corruption and the Criminalization of the
Colonial Federations:French Equatorial Africa Postcolonial State
Colonial Federations:French West Africa Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast):Colonization and
Colonial Imports versus Indigenous Crafts Resistance
Colonialism:Ideology of Empire:Supremacist, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast):Colonial Period:
Paternalist Administration and Economy
Colonialism,Overthrow of:Nationalism and Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast):Independence to the
Anticolonialism Present
Colonialism,Overthrow of:Northern Africa Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast):Parti Dèmocratique de la
Colonialism,Overthrow of:Sub-Saharan Africa Côte d’Ivoire
Colonialism,Overthrow of:Thirty Years War for Coups d’État and Military Rule:Postcolonial
Southern African Liberation Africa
Colonialism,Overthrow of:Women and the Crop Cultivation:The Evidence
Nationalist Struggle Crowther,Reverend Samuel Ajayi and the Niger
Colonialism,Inheritance of:Postcolonial Africa Mission
Colonialism:Impact on African Societies Currencies and Banking
Commonwealth,Africa and the Cushites:Northeastern Africa:Stone Age Origins to
Communaute Financière Africaine Iron Age
Communications
Community in African Society
Comoros:Before 1800 D
Comoros/Mayotte:Nineteenth Century to 1975 Dahomey:Eighteenth Century
Comoros/Mayotte:Independence to the Present Dakar
Conakry Dar es Salaam
Concessionary Companies Debt,International,Development and Dependency
Congo (Brazzaville),Republic of:Nineteenth Delta States,Nineteenth Century
Century:Precolonial Democracy:Postcolonial
Congo (Brazzaville),Republic of:De Brazza and Development,Postcolonial:Central Planning,Private
French Colonization Enterprise,Investment
ix
