Table Of ContentEncyclopedia of Adolescence
Roger J. R. Levesque (Ed.)
Encyclopedia of Adolescence
With47Figuresand74Tables
Editor
RogerJ.R.Levesque,J.D.,Ph.D.
IndianaUniversity
302SycamoreHall
Bloomington,IN47405
USA
ISBN978-1-4419-1694-5 e-ISBN978-1-4419-1695-2
PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978-1-4419-1696-9
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011934914
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Preface
Onbehalfofmyfellowadvisoryboardmembers,authors,andthereferencepublishingstaffatSpringer,Iwelcome
youtotheEncyclopediaofAdolescence.
This comprehensive, five volume reference features more than 700 substantive essays covering a broad
spectrumoftopicscentraltoourunderstandingoftheadolescentperiod.Themajorityoftheseessaysareauthored
by established researchers who have published empirical work and commentaries specifically on their essays’
topics.Inadditiontotheseessays,thevolumescontainshorteressaysthatprovideanalysesofkeyterms,concepts,
theories, and legal doctrines that relate to the current empirical understanding of adolescence. Together, these
essaysaremeanttoprovidereaderswithabroadsenseofresearchrelatingtoadolescence.Theyalsoaremeantto
highlight important social and policy issues needed to understand more fully the period of adolescence and its
peculiarplaceinsociety.
The complexity of adolescent life, as well as the diverse and numerous disciplines seeking to understand it,
certainlychallengeseffortstocreateasuccinctyetcomprehensivecompendium.Thebroaddiversityoftopicsand
theirrelationships makeitdifficult todojusticetotopicswhile,atthesametime,notrepeatmaterialsinother
essays. In response to these challenges and difficulties, the essays’ topics were developed by envisioning four
majorgroupsoftopics.Giventhetopics’centralitytothisproject,itisworthhighlightingtheirnatureandgeneral
content.
Thefirstgroupdealswiththeself,identityanddevelopmentinadolescence.Thisclusterofessayscoversresearch
relatingtoidentity(fromearlyadolescencethroughemergingadulthood),basicaspectsofdevelopment(biolog-
ical,cognitive,social,etc.),aswellasfoundationaldevelopmentaltheories.Inaddition,thisgroupofessaysfocuses
on various components of identity, such as those relating to gender, sexual, civic, moral, racial, spiritual, and
religiousaspectsofindividuals’socialandpsychologicalsenseofwhotheyare.
Essays relating to adolescents’social and personal relationships constitute the second group of topics. Essays
within this broad area of research focus on the nature and influence of a variety of important relationships.
The essays focus, for example, on families, peers, friends, sexual and romantic partners as well as significant
nonparentaladults.
The third cluster of topics centers on adolescents in social institutions. Essays in this category address the
influenceandnatureofimportantinstitutionsthatserveasthesocializingcontextsforadolescents.Thesemajor
institutions include schools, religious groups, justice systems, medical and other therapeutic contexts, cultural
contexts,media,economicstatuses,socialservicesandyouthorganizations.
The fourth and final cluster of topics involves adolescent psychopathology and mental health. This group of
topics focuses on the wide variety of human thoughts, feelings and behaviors relating to mental health, from
psychopathologytothriving.Majortopicexamplesinthisgroupincludedeviance,violence,crime,delinquency,
pathology(DSM),normalcy,risk,victimizationandpositiveyouthdevelopment.
Theabilitytocategorizehundredsoftopicsintoreasonablydistinctgroupsprovedconsiderablyuseful.Most
notably,ithelpedavoidbeingoverwhelmedbytheenormityofthetask,asseveralhundredpotentialtopicswere
culledfromjournals,books,andavarietyofothersourcesthatreportontheadolescentperiod(e.g.,mediaoutlets,
governmentreports,andprofessionalassociation’smissionstatementsandresources).Byidentifyingandassisting
in sorting topics, the approach produced the most systematic and comprehensive compendium of empirical
findingsrelatingtotheperiodofadolescence.Purposefullyincludedamongthesetopicsaresomethathaveyetto
beexploredempirically asmuch asmighthavebeenexpected.Thoselessexploredtopicsarepresentedtooffer
researchersareasinneedoffurtherstudy,highlightimportantresearchgaps,andprovideanauthoritativeviewof
vi Preface
the extent to which current research supports images and views of adolescents. It is hoped that the depth and
breadth of this endeavor will serve well students, educators, researchers and practitioners seeking authoritative
informationabouttheperiodofadolescence,intermsofwhatweknow,donotknow,andshouldknow.
Editor-in-Chief
RogerJ.R.Levesque,J.D.,Ph.D.
Bloomington,Indiana
Editor-in-Chief
RogerJ.R.Levesque,J.D.,Ph.D.,isChairandProfessorofCriminalJusticeatIndianaUniversity.Hereceivedhis
J.D.fromColumbiaUniversitySchoolofLawandhisPh.D.inculturalpsychologyfromtheUniversityofChicago.
Inadditiontoauthoringover50articlesandbookchapters,ProfessorLevesquehaspublishedover10books,most
of which deal with the legal regulation of adolescence and family life. His books have earned awards from the
Society for Research on Adolescence as well as the American Psychology and Law Society. The Association for
PsychologicalScience(APS)(previouslytheAmericanPsychologicalSociety)haselectedhimFellowinrecogni-
tion of his outstanding contributions to developmental science; and the American Psychological Association
(APA) has elected him Fellow in recognition of his contributions to the field of psychology and law. Professor
LevesquecurrentlyservesasEditor-in-ChiefofSpringer’sJournalofYouthandAdolescenceaswellastheAdvancing
ResponsibleAdolescentDevelopmentbookseries.
Advisory Board
JohnW.Berry RonaldRoesch
DepartmentofPsychology DepartmentofPsychology
Queen’sUniversityatKingston SimonFraserUniversity
Kingston,ON Burnaby,BC
Canada Canada
WilliamDamon
StephenT.Russell
StanfordUniversity
SchoolofEducation UniversityofArizona
NortonSchoolofFamilyandConsumerSciences
Stanford,CA
USA Tucson,AZ
USA
JacquelynneS.Eccles
PopulationStudiesCenter
ElizabethS.Scott
UniversityofMichigan
ViceDean&HaroldR.MedinaProfessorofLaw
AnnArbor,MI
ColumbiaLawSchool
USA
NewYork,NY
USA
DavidP.Farrington
UniversityofCambridge
InstituteofCriminology RainerK.Silbereisen
Cambridge
DepartmentofDevelopmentalPsychology
UK
UniversityofJena
Jena
SandraGraham
Germany
DepartmentofEducation
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
LosAngeles,CA MichaelWindle
USA EmoryUniversity
BehavioralSciencesandHealthEducation
DanielOffer
RollinsSchoolofPublicHealth
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences Atlanta,GA
NorthwesternUniversityFeinbergSchoolofMedicine USA
Chicago,IL
USA
