Table Of ContentE N C Y C L O PA E D I C
D I C T I O N A R Y O F
P H O E N I C I A N
C U LT U R E
HISTORICAL CHARACTERS
PEETERS
ENCYCLOPAEDIC DICTIONARY OF PHOENICIAN CULTURE
I
HISTORICAL CHARACTERS
EDPC
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Phoenician Culture
CHIEF EDITORS
PAOLO XELLA, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome
JOSÉ ÁNGEL ZAMORA LÓPEZ, Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Madrid
HERBERT NIEHR, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät, Tübingen
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
WILFRED G. E. WATSON
SCIENTIFIC EDITORIAL BOARD
VINCENZO BELLELLI, ANDREA ERCOLANI, FRANCESCA GUARNERI, VALENTINA MELCHIORRI, GIUSEPPE MINUNNO
In collaboration with:
DAGMAR KÜHN, UMBERTO LIVADIOTTI, MARTA LOTTA, SUSANNE MAIER, ILARIA ORRI, TATIANA PEDRAZZI
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD
MARIA GIULIA AMADASI GUZZO (Rome), ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA (Lisbon), MARÍA EUGENIA AUBET (Barcelona),
MARÍA BELÉN DEAMOS (Sevilla), SANDRO FILIPPO BONDÌ (Viterbo), ANNIE CAUBET (Paris), IZAK CORNELIUS
(Stellenbosch), ROALD DOCTER (Gent), MHAMED HASSINE FANTAR (Tunis), NOTA KOUROU (Athens), LORENZA-
ILIA MANFREDI (Rome), MARÍA CRUZ MARÍN CEBALLOS (Sevilla), VALÉRIE MATOÏAN (Lyon-Paris), JOSEPHINE
C. QUINN (Oxford), WOLFGANG RÖLLIG (Tübingen), HÉLÈNE SADER (Beirut), THOMAS SCHÄFER (Tübingen),
PAOLA SANTORO (Rome), PETER VAN DOMMELEN (Providence), NICHOLAS VELLA (La Valletta), MARGUERITE
YON (Lyon-Paris)
LINGUISTIC ADVISORS
BRIGITTE PARGNY, WILFRED G. E. WATSON
GRAPHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EXPERT
MARCELLO BELLISARIO (Archeologia(cid:2)Progettazione(cid:2)e(cid:2)Servizi(cid:2)S.r.l., Rome)
Other collaborations:
LAURA ATTISANI (CNR, Rome), Collaborator for Graphics
GIULIO CREDAZZI (Rome), IT Expert
ROBERTO PISTOSO (Verona), Editorial and Management Support
EDPC
ENCYCLOPAEDIC
DICTIONARY
OF PHOENICIAN CULTURE
I
HISTORICAL CHARACTERS
Edited by
A E P X
NDREA RCOLANI and AOLO ELLA
In collaboration with
UMBERTO LIVADIOTTI and VALENTINA MELCHIORRI
PEETERS
LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT
2018
EDPC
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Phoenician Culture
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-429-3680-5
eISBN 978-90-429-3681-2
D/2018/0602/110
© 2018, Peeters, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information
storage or retrieval devices or systems, without the prior written permission from the publisher, except the quotation of
brief passages for review purposes.
AUTHORS OF THE ENTRIES:
Manuel Álvarez Martí-Aguilar, Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo, Vincenzo Bellelli,
Sandro Filippo Bondì, Giovanni Brizzi, Anna Cannavò, Giuseppina Capriotti Vittozzi,
Maurizio Del Freo, Adolfo Domínguez Monedero, Josette Elayi,
Andrea Ercolani, Frederick Mario Fales, Anna Chiara Fariselli,
Giuseppe Garbati, Vincent P.-M. Laisney, René Lebrun,
André Lemaire, Beatrice Lietz, Umberto Livadiotti,
Lorenza-Ilia Manfredi, Federico Mazza, Paolo Merlo,
Giuseppe Minunno, Lucia Mori, Herbert Niehr,
Tatiana Pedrazzi, Françoise Rougemont, Raimondo Secci,
Christopher J. Smith, Giulia Torri, Alessandro Usai,
Paolo Xella, Marguerite Yon, José Ángel Zamora López
CONTENTS
PRESENTATION: The DECF/EDPC-Project(s) ....................................... IX
INTRODUCTION: Historical Characters ............................................. XIX
ABBREVIATIONS............................................................... XXV
ENTRIES .................................................................... 1
INDEX of Figures and Plates .................................................... 259
PLATES ..................................................................... 263
PRESENTATION
The DECF-EDPC Project(s)
1. PRELIMINARY REMARKS
The Encyclopaedic(cid:2)Dictionary(cid:2)of(cid:2)Phoenician(cid:2)Culture (acronym: EDPC) is a series in the form of an encyclo-
paedia with the structure of a dictionary. The present volume, on historical characters, is the first in the series
to be published. Two further volumes on religious life, Deities(cid:2)and(cid:2)Mythical(cid:2)Characters(cid:2)and Cult(cid:2)and(cid:2)Ritual(cid:2)
respectively, are in preparation. Additional volumes will follow, dealing with language and written sources,
both direct and indirect; on social, economic and political life; on the archaeological sites and toponyms of
the Levant and of the central and western Mediterranean.
The overall purpose of the work – which comprises about 2,000 entries written by circa 200 contributors
from 20 different countries – is to provide a complete and up-to-date account of our knowledge of the culture
of the Phoenicians (understood in a wide sense, see infra) and to present it to the academic community by
means of subdivision into themed sets, in the form of lemmata and cross-references.
The arrangement of the data into lemmata – considered as signposts to accumulating knowledge – allows
the information to be presented analytically and make it easily accessible through a system of internal and
external references. The cross-references are a means of completing the information conveyed by every single
lemma: they are elements of a wide network available to the reader to suggest to her or him specific routes
towards acquiring deeper knowledge on various levels.
As can be deduced from what has been set out so far, the structure and organization of this work have been
planned meticulously. However, in some sense, it is still a work in progress: this will entail addenda, corrigenda
and a further series of indexes from time to time, which will eventually be concluded with an overall general
analytical index. As a result, it is clear that the best use of the EDPC will only come about through the complete
work as a whole. That said, however, each volume is independent and useful as an autonomous reference book.
As will be explained in more detail below, this series of volumes is in fact the outcome of the original project
called DECF (the acronym in Italian for: Dizionario(cid:2)Enciclopedico(cid:2)della(cid:2)Civiltà(cid:2)Fenicia). This research project
was promoted in 2008 by the Consiglio(cid:2)Nazionale(cid:2)delle(cid:2)Ricerche [= CNR] (“Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà
Italiche e del Mediterraneo Antico” [= ISCIMA] of Rome, which has since become the “Istituto di Studi sul
Mediterraneo Antico”), with which were associated later (2010) the Consejo(cid:2)Superior(cid:2)de(cid:2)Investigaciones(cid:2)
Científicas(cid:2)[= CSIC] (“Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales” of Madrid) and, subsequently (2015), the
Eberhard-Karls-Universität(cid:2)Tübingen (Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät: “Abteilung Biblische Einleitung und
Zeitgeschichte”). Since 2015, in conjunction with the editorial branch of the Project in Rome, another branch
has been set up in Tübingen which has already contributed considerably to the various phases of the work and
continues to do so.
Already in the first phases of the original Italian project, two objectives had been proposed: the progressive
publication of the items online and a print version of the texts in several volumes.
However, under the new acronym EDPC, the project has undergone new developments and the present
series represents the ideal continuation, now considerably revised and increased, of the online edition (already
partially published on the website: www.decf-cnr.org). In fact, the publication in the shape of printed volumes
differs from the online edition, both in content and in form. In terms of content, in the online edition the entries
are published simply in alphabetical sequence whereas in the printed edition the subject matter is organized
into individual sets of lemmata arranged by themes, each lemma updated and reworked in order to be integrated
into its volume and into the whole series. In terms of form, whereas the electronic edition accepts contributions
in several languages (English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish) the printed edition is exclu-
sively in English.
