Table Of ContentEnabling Technologies for Wireless E-Business
Weidong Kou
Yelena Yesha (Eds.)
Enabling Technologies
for Wireless E-Business
With141 Figures and 15 Tables
ABC
Editors
Weidong Kou
Chinese State Key Laboratory of ISN
2 South Taibai Road
Xi’ aan, Shaanxi, 710071
Peoples Republic of China
[email protected]
Yelena Yesha
Department of Computer Science and
Electrical Engineering
University of Maryland Baltimore County
1000 Hilltop Circle
Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
[email protected]
ACMClassification:C.2, C.3, H.4, J.1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005937332
ISBN-10 3-540-30449-5 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13 978-3-540-30449-4SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Foreword
The key message that we have for readers is that wireless is blooming. The
following statistics can show readers that this is definitely true:
(cid:121) According to Strategy Analytics and UK-based Portio Research, at the
end of 2005 there were over 2.1 billion mobile subscribers in the world.
By the end of 2006 the mobile subscribers will reach to the level of
2.5 billions, and this figure is expected to increase to close to 4 billion
by 2012. The worldwide mobile phone penetttration is predicted to easily
pass the 50% mark by the end of 2009.
(cid:121) The Ministry of Information Industry of China reported that at the end
of 2005, the number of mobile subscribers in the country was close to
400 millions. It is predicted that by the end of 2006, the number of
mobile subscribers in China can reach 440 millions. In addition, the
number of short messages sent in China in 2005 was over 300 billions,
and the associated revenue was close to $4 billion US dollars.
(cid:121) According to LaNetro Zed based in Madrid of Spain, at the end of
2005, West Europe has over 270 millions of wireless subscribers.
Germany is the largest market for mobile phones in Europe, with 74.1
million users, and it has a penetration rate of 90%; Italy is the second
largest market in Europe, with over 65.3 million mobile subscribers
and a penetration rate of 114%, the highest in the world; the United
Kingdom has 64 million subscribers and a mobile phone penetration
rate of 106%; the penetration rate in Finland stands at 100% with
nearly 5.2 million subscribers.
(cid:121) In 2005 total number of mobile service subscribers in Russia has
grown by 70 percent and reached 125.8 million, according to a recent
report in 2006 from AC&M consulting bureau.
(cid:121) According to Mobile Marketing Association, in the United States the
number of wireless subscribers was over 200 millions. The data on the
Mobilephonediscuss.com Forums shows that 66% of US households
own cell phones.
(cid:121) In Canada, with the number of subscribers to wireless products and
service totaling close to 13.9 million by mid-2004, almost 43% of
Canadians now have access to a wireless device. By the end of 2005,
it was estimated that this number is probably over 50%.
(cid:121) Global wireless service revenue is expected to rise 11% to $623.9
billion. The global wireless service industry is expected to generate
$800 billion in revenue in 2010, with emerging markets accounting
for about 42% of the total.
VI Foreword
(cid:121) Worldwide shipments of mobile phones reached a record 242 million
units in Q4 2005, surpassing the previous peak of 200 million units in
Q4 2004, according to iSuppli. For all of 2005, 813 million units were
shipped, up 14% from 713 million in 2004.
The list of statistics can go on and on. The rapid growth in the number of wireless
subscribers along with the emergence of new wireless technologies such as 3G
and Wi-Fi, allowing for higher transmission rates will lead to an explosion of new
e-business applications and services generallyyreferred to as “wireless e-business”.
Wireless e-business allows people to conduct business wirelessly without physical
connectivity. A variety of different devices can be used for wireless e-business,
including mobile phones, pagers, palm-powered personal computers (PCs), pocket
PCs, laptop computers, and other mobile devices or devices connected to the
wireless networks.
Because wireless e-business holds the promise to reshape the way businesses
conducted, and because it has a huge customer base, the advantages of wireless
e-business are endless. The key is that people can break free from spatial and
temporal constraints and communicate and transact in business anytime and
anywhere. However, there are a number of great challenges, including problems of
sustaining connectivity, limited resources such as limited bandwidth and limited
frequency spectrum, as well as the issues of security and privacy in a wireless
environment. To address these problems and issues, huge efforts have been made
to develop a variety of enabling technologies, including new wireless communi-
cation technologies, wireless security, wireless application protocols, mobile
payment protocols, mobile data management, mobile agents, mobile payment,
mobile computing, mobile services, and RFID technologies. Drs. Weidong Kou
and Yelena Yesha have edited this book, with assistance from the chapter
contributors to cover these technologies.
I believe this is an excellent book for business managers, e-business developers,
academic researchers, university students, professors, and professional consultants
to acquire comprehensive knowledge on enabling technologies for the blooming
wireless e-business. I highly recommend this book!
Robert Mayberry
Vice President, Sensors and Actuators
IBM Software Group
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Enabling Technologies for Wireless E-Business
W. Kou and Y. Yesha............................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction............................................................................ 1
1.2 About This Book.................................................................... 3
References.............................................................................. 5
2 Fundamentals of Wireless Communications
D. Shen and V.O.K. Li ........................................................................ 7
2.1 Introduction............................................................................ 7
2.2 Global System for Mobile Communication............................ 7
2.3 General Packet Radio Service................................................ 15
2.4 Code Division Multiple Access Systems............................... 22
2.5 Summary................................................................................ 41
References.............................................................................. 41
3 Wireless Security
W.-B. Lee............................................................................................. 44
3.1 Introduction............................................................................ 44
3.2 Mobile Certificate.................................................................. 46
3.3 Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Mobile Computing............. 51
3.4 Server Assisted Mobile Security Infrastructure...................... 62
3.5 Summary................................................................................ 72
References.............................................................................. 73
4 Wireless Application Protocol
W. Kou.................................................................................................. 76
4.1 Introduction............................................................................ 76
4.2 Wireless Application Protocol................................................ 76
4.3 Wireless Application Security................................................ 85
4.4 Summary................................................................................ 86
4.5 Appendix................................................................................ 86
References.............................................................................. 87
VIII Table of Contents
5 RFID Technologies and Applications
D. Kou, K. Zhao, Y. Tao and W. Kou................................................... 89
5.1 Introduction............................................................................ 89
5.2 Components............................................................................ 92
5.3 Middleware Technology......................................................... 99
5.4 Standards................................................................................ 102
5.5 Summary................................................................................ 107
References.............................................................................. 108
6 Software Infrastructure forContext-Aware Mobile Computing
C.L. Wang, X.L. Zhang, N. Belaramani, P.L. Siu, Y. Chow,
and F.C.M. Lau.................................................................................... 109
6.1 Introduction............................................................................ 109
6.2 Context-aware Mobile Computing Infrastructure.................. 111
6.3 A Case Study – The Sparkle Project...................................... 115
6.4 Summary................................................................................ 128
References.............................................................................. 129
7 Data Management for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
F. Perich, A. Joshi, and R. Chirkova................................................... 132
7.1 Introduction............................................................................ 132
7.2 Origins of Mobile Peer-to-Peer Computing Model................ 133
7.3 Challenges............................................................................... 135
7.4 Peer-to-Peer Data Management Model.................................. 156
7.5 Future Work........................................................................... 169
7.6 Summary................................................................................ 170
References.............................................................................. 171
8 Mobile Agents: The State of the Art
B. Yang and J. Liu................................................................................ 177
8.1 Introduction............................................................................ 177
8.2 System Facilities.................................................................... 178
8.3 Migration and Planning.......................................................... 180
8.4 Communication and Interoperability...................................... 184
8.5 Security.................................................................................. 190
8.6 Summary................................................................................ 194
References.............................................................................. 197
Table of Contents IX
9 Multiagent Communication for e-Business using Tuple Spaces
H.F. Li, T. Radhakrishnan, and Y. Zhang............................................ 199
9.1 Introduction............................................................................ 199
9.2 Computation and Tuple Spaces.............................................. 200
9.3 Examples of Agent Coordination in e-Commerce.................. 204
9.4 A Tuple Space Based Framework for Agent
Communication...................................................................... 207
9.5 A Case Study in e-Commerce Using Tuple Spaces............... 217
9.6 Summary................................................................................ 230
References.............................................................................. 231
10 Mobile Payment
Y. Liu, X. Cao, and L. Dang................................................................. 233
10.1 Introduction............................................................................ 233
10.2 Characteristics........................................................................ 233
10.3 Agents.................................................................................... 236
10.4 Security for Mobile Payment................................................. 244
10.5 Summary................................................................................ 251
References.............................................................................. 252
11 Mobile Content Delivery Technologies
Y. Yang, and R. Yan.............................................................................. 253
11.1 Introduction............................................................................ 253
11.2 Short Message Service........................................................... 253
11.3 Multimedia Messaging Service.............................................. 262
11.4 Transcoding Techniques......................................................... 275
11.5 Summary................................................................................ 292
References.............................................................................. 292
12 Mobile Services Computing
L. Zhang, B. Li, and Y. Song................................................................ 299
12.1 Web Services Overview......................................................... 299
12.2 Extending Web Services to Mobile Services......................... 299
12.3 General Architecture of Mobile Services............................... 303
12.4 Two General Approaches to Develop Web/Mobile Services..... 306
12.5 Case Study – WAS (Wireless Alarm System)........................ 306
12.6 Summary................................................................................ 309
References.............................................................................. 310
X Table of Contents
13 Location-Aware Services and its Infrastructure Support
Y. Chen, and D. Liu.............................................................................. 312
13.1 Introduction............................................................................ 312
13.2 Location Operating Reference Model and Infrastructure....... 313
13.3 Location Server...................................................................... 317
13.4 Moving Object Databases...................................................... 322
13.5 Spatial Publish/Subscribe Engine........................................... 326
13.6 Related Works........................................................................ 330
13.7 Summary................................................................................ 332
References.............................................................................. 332
14 Mobile Commerce and Wireless E-Business Applications
S. Song.................................................................................................. 335
14.1 Introduction............................................................................ 335
14.2 Mobile Commerce.................................................................. 336
14.3 Wireless e-Business Applications.......................................... 344
14.4 Case Study.............................................................................. 354
14.5 Summary................................................................................ 359
References.............................................................................. 359
Glossary ............................................................................................................ 361
About the Editors............................................................................................. 371
Contributors...................................................................................................... 373
Index.................................................................................................................. 379
1 Introduction to Enabling Technologies for Wireless
E-Business
W. Kou**and Y. Yasha+
*ISN National Key Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
+Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of Maryland,
Baltimore County, USA
1.1 Introduction
Wireless e-business allows people to communicate and transact in business via
wireless technology, without physical connectivity, such as wires or cabling.
Wireless e-business uses many devices, including mobile phones, pagers, palm-
powered personal computers (PCs), pocket PCs, laptop computers, and other mo-
bile devices or devices connected to the wireless networks.
Advancements in wireless technologies hold the promise to reshape the way
businesses conducted. With wireless technologies, people can break free from spa-
tial and temporal constraints, as they are able to use these technologies to work
anywhere and anytime. With wireless e-business, companies can locate inventory
items, anytime, anywhere; emergency units are able to respond in real time; and
universities are able to manage communications across campuses. The rapid
growth in mobile telephony in recent years has provided a strong model for the
adoption of undeterred wireless e-business. A number of consulting firms have
made various estimations on the growth of the number of mobile phone users
worldwide. These estimations are certainly confirmed by the huge increase in the
number of mobile phone users in China – the country currently has over 300 mil-
lion mobile phone users, more than the entire population of the USA. The rapid
transition from fixed to mobile telephony will almost certainly be followed by a
similar transition from conducting e-business through desktop computers via
physical connectivity to wireless e-business through a variety of mobile devices
via wireless communication networks in the near future.
To make wireless e-business work effectively, a variety of enabling technolo-
gies are needed. First, one must be connected wirelessly. This means that wireless
communications networks must be in place. From the first commercial Global
System for Mobile Communication (GSM) netttwork launched in 1992 to 3G ser-
vices launched in Hong Kong, UK, and Italy in recent years, wireless communica-
tion networks have penetrated almost every part of the world. The 2G/2.5G and
3G wireless communication systems are the cornerstones of wireless communica-
tions. In addition, there are other wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi, Wi-Max,
Bluetooth, and infrared. Wireless security is crucial for wireless e-business. Ac-
cessing the Internet, digitally signing e-commerce transactions, authentication, and
