Table Of ContentFrontmat.fm Page i Saturday, September 16, 2000 1:28 PM
Employment, Disability, and
the Americans with Disabilities Act
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PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES
General Editor
Eric A. Plaut, M.D.
Advisory Board
Solomon Cytrynbaum, Ph.D
Kenneth I. Howard, Ph.D.
Alan A. Lipton, M.D., M.P.H.
Thomas F. A. Plaut, Ph.D., M.P.H.
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Employment,
Disability,
and the
Americans with
Disabilities Act
Issues in Law, Public Policy,
and Research
Edited by Peter David Blanck
Northwestern University Press
Evanston, Illinois
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Northwestern University Press
Evanston, Illinois 60208-4210
Compilation copyright © 2000 by Northwestern University Press. “Employing People with
Disabilities: Some Cautionary Thoughts for a Second-Generation Civil Rights Statute”
copyright © 1997 by Michael Ashley Stein. Published 2000. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN 0-8101-1688-X (cloth)
ISBN 0-8101-1689-8 (paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Employment, disability, and the Americans with Disabilities Act:
issues in law, public policy, and research / edited by Peter David Blanck
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8101-1688-X (cloth : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-8101-1689-8 (pbk : acid-free
paper)
1. Handicapped—Employment—Law and legislation—United States. 2. Discrimination
in employment—Law and legislation—United States. 3. Handicapped—Legal status, laws,
etc.—United States. I. Blanck, Peter David, 1957–.
KF3469.E48 2000
344.7301'59—dc21 00-008840
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables ix
Preface xi
INTRODUCTION
The Evolving ADA 3
Paul Steven Miller
Part One: Road Map to ADA Title I
CHAPTER I
A Road Map for ADA Title I Research 19
Scott Burris and Kathryn Moss
CHAPTER II
Employing People with Disabilities: Some Cautionary Thoughts for a
Second-Generation Civil Rights Statute 51
Michael Ashley Stein
CHAPTER III
Glass-Ceiling Issues in Employment of People with Disabilities 68
Wendy Wilkinson and Lex Frieden
Part Two: Implementing ADA Title I Law
CHAPTER IV
The Nonevolution of Enforcement under the ADA:
Discharge Cases and the Hiring Problem 103
Steven L. Willborn
CHAPTER V
The ADA Employment Discrimination Charge Process:
How Does It Work and Whom Is It Benefiting? 118
Kathryn Moss
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CHAPTER VI
Compliance with the ADA and Employment of Those
with Mental Disabilities 146
Teresa L. Scheid
CHAPTER VII
Professional Licensing, Screening for Disabilities,
and the ADA 174
Stanley S. Herr
Part Three: The Economics of ADA Title I
CHAPTER VIII
The Economics of the Employment Provisions of the Americans with
Disabilities Act: Workplace Accommodations 201
Peter David Blanck
CHAPTER IX
Employer Accommodation of Older Workers with Disabilities:
Some Empirical Evidence and Policy Lessons 228
Thomas N. Chirikos
CHAPTER X
Estimating the Potential Benefits of the ADA on the Wages and
Employment of Persons with Disabilities 258
Marjorie L. Baldwin
Part Four: Research on Implementation of ADA Title I
CHAPTER XI
Genes in the Workplace: New Frontiers for ADA Law,
Policy, and Research 285
Robert S. Olick
CHAPTER XII
Occupational Injuries among Workers with Disabilities 315
Craig Zwerling, Nancy L. Sprince, Charles S. Davis,
Robert B. Wallace, Paul S. Whitten, and Steven G.
Heeringa
CHAPTER XIII
Assistive Technology in the Workplace and the Americans
with Disabilities Act 329
Heidi M. Berven and Peter David Blanck
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CHAPTER XIV
Attitudes, Behavior, and ADA Title I 356
Mollie Weighner Marti and Peter David Blanck
Part Five: Culture and Policy in ADA Title I
CHAPTER XV
Bodies and Environments: The Cultural Construction of
Disability 387
Douglas C. Baynton
CHAPTER XVI
From Colonization to Civil Rights: People with Disabilities and
Gainful Employment 412
Karen Hirsch
CHAPTER XVII
Avoiding Iron-Door Barriers to the Employment of Persons
with Developmental Disabilities 432
Tom Walz and Lea Anne Boucher
CHAPTER XVIII
Completing Stories 447
Steve Thunder-McGuire
CONCLUSION
ADA at a Crossroads 463
Marca Bristo
Author Index to the Chapters 469
Subject Index to the Chapters 477
Notes on Contributors 483
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Figures and Tables
FIGURES
Chapter I. A Road Map for ADA Title I Research
Figure 1: Dimensions of ADA Title I Policy and Research 22
Figure 2: A Heuristic Model of Multidisciplinary Title I Research 29
Figure 3: Flow Chart of Individual Law Use under Title I 33
Chapter IV. The Nonevolution of Enforcement under the ADA
Figure 1: ADA Employment Cases 104
Figure 2: ADA Hiring and Discharge Cases 106
Figure 3: Disabilities and the Wage Line 112
Figure 4: Marginal Productivity and Margin of Error 113
Chapter XIII. Assistive Technology in the Workplace and the
Americans with Disabilities Act
Figure 1: Patents Issued between 1977 and 1995 Mentioning Physical,
Visual, or Hearing Impairments 336
Figure 2: Patents Mentioning the ADA Classified by Application
and Issuance Year 338
Figure 3: Patents Mentioning the ADA Classified by Type 339
TABLES
Chapter V. The ADA Employment Discrimination Charge Process
Table 1: Cases Received by Disability Type 124
Table 2: Nature of Allegation 126
Table 3: Outcome of All ADA Employment Discrimination
Charges Processed and Closed by EEOC and FEPA
Offices through June 30, 1995 128
Table 4: Amount of Benefits 130
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Table 5: New Jobs and Reinstatements Resulting from All ADA
Employment Discrimination Charges Processed and Closed
by EEOC and FEPAs through June 30, 1995 131
Table 6: Benefit Rate by Disability Type 133
Table 7: Benefit Rate by Race/Ethnicity and Gender 134
Table 8: High, Average, and Low Benefit EEOC Offices 136
Table 9: High, Average, and Low Benefit FEPA Offices 137
Chapter VI. Compliance with the ADA and Employment of
Those with Mental Disabilities
Table 1: Sample and Response Rate 156
Table 2: Compliance with the ADA 159
Table 3: Organizational Factors Affecting Compliance 162
Table 4: Compliance Rationales 164
Table 5: Degree of Discomfort with Various Types of Employees 167
Table 6: Assessment of Stigma against Those with Mental Disabilities 168
Chapter IX. Employer Accommodation of Older Workers with Disabilities
Table 1: Job Accommodation Frequencies 241
Table 2: Selected Health Characteristics 244
Table 3: Determinants of Job Accommodation 246
Table 4: Determinants of Work Status at Follow-Up 248
Appendix: Variable Definitions and Summary Statistics 251
Chapter X. Estimating the Potential Benefits of the ADA on the Wages and
Employment of Persons with Disabilities
Table 1: Impairment Groups 261
Table 2: Sample Statistics for Impairment Groups 267
Table 3: Means and Coefficient Estimates of the Employment Function 269
Table 4: Means and Coefficient Estimates of the Wage Equation 271
Table 5A: Employment and Wage Losses Attributed to
Discrimination (Male) 273
Table 5B: Employment and Wage Losses Attributed to
Discrimination (Female) 275
