Empire in Asia: A New Global History: The Long Nineteenth Century

313 Pages·2018·43.385 MB·English

by  Brian P. Farrell

Empire in Asia

Empire in Asia:

A New Global History
Volume Two
The Long Nineteenth Century
Edited by
Donna Brunero and Brian P. Farrell
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First published in Great Britain 2018
Copyright © Donna Brunero, Brian P. Farrell, and Contributors, 2018
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Cover image © The Japanese occupying Formosa, February 1895 / Getty Images
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Contents

List of Illustrations viii
Acknowledgments ix
Linguistic Conventions x
Notes on Contributors xii
Series Introduction: Reordering an Imperial Modern Asia 1
Jack Fairey and Brian P. Farrell
Concepts and Historiography 2
Definitions 4
Revisiting Empire in Asia 6
Introduction: Globalizing Empire in Asia 9
Brian P. Farrell and Donna Brunero
Entanglements and Empire 9
Framing Time, Place, and Themes 14
1 In the Center of It All: Thoughts from the Edge of Empire 31
Thomas David DuBois
Introduction 31
Defining Empire 33
Empires and States 36
Material Foundations 38
Empire and Culture 43
Conclusion 47
2 Legal Fiction: Extraterritoriality as an Instrument of British Power in China
in the “Long Nineteenth Century” 53
Robert Bickers
Designing and Implementing Extraterritoriality 56
Establishing a British Supreme Court 59
Practice in Amoy (Xiamen) 62
Disciplining British Subjects 66
Deploying the Regime More Widely 69
Conclusion 72
Contents
3 East Asian Empire and Technology: Imperial Japan and Mobilizing
Infrastructure, 1868– 1931 81
John P. DiMoia
Science and Imperialism: Approaching the “Problem” of East Asia and the
Early Modern 82
Meiji Japan as a “Progressive” Model 84
Meiji Japan: Infrastructure and Intimations of Empire, 1853–95 85
Rail and Colonial Expansion: Contested Spaces and Nascent Empire 88
Taisho Japan and Styles of Colonial Rule: Apparent Contradictions 94
The Embrace of the Rational: Toward an Imperial Modernity 99
4 Suzerainty versus Sovereignty: Establishing French Empire in Indochina 107
Bruce M. Lockhart
Sovereignty versus Suzerainty 108
Cambodia, 1856– 67 109
Vietnam, 1874– 85 116
Laos, 1865– 93 122
Conclusion 126
5 Staking Out an Imperial States System: The Imperial Frontier in Asia in the
“Long Nineteenth Century” 137
Brian P. Farrell
The Imperial Frontier 139
The Nineteenth-C entury Frontier 143
The Imperial Frontier and the Asian States System 147
Conclusion 174
6 Human Mobility in Russia’s Asian Empire 187
Paul W. Werth
Russian Asia and Asian Russia 189
Movement: Variations on a Theme 192
Embracing Mobility 200
The Discontents of Movement 204
Conclusion 207
7 Faith in Empire: Ottoman Religion and Imperial Governance in the “Long
Nineteenth Century” 215
Jack Fairey
Ottoman Religion and Imperial Governance, ca. 1800 217
Relationship between Religion and State 219
“Defensive Modernization,” Reforms, and the Threat of the West 222
The Impact of the Tanzimat on State Ideology 225
vi
Contents
Narrowing of the Religious Sphere 228
Soft Power and the Domestication of Religious Authorities 232
Conclusion 235
8 Maritime Goes Global: The British Maritime Empire in Asia 249
Donna Brunero
Maritime Empires in Asia Pre- 1800 252
The British as a Maritime Power in Asia 254
A Thalassocracy: Victorian Imaginings? 258
The Great Modern Asian Port 261
Challenges to British Maritime Empire 266
The Empire from the Deck of a Ship 268
Conclusion 273
9 Empire in the Long Run: Asia in the Nineteenth Century 281
Odd Arne Westad
Index 287
vii
Illustrations

Figures
1.1 Asynchronous map of Hulunbuir, showing its relation to historical empires 32
1.2 Close- up map of Hulunbuir 33
2.1 Britain in China, January 1, 1927 74
3.1 “The Jap in the China Shop” Cartoon, 1895, from Punch 90
4.1 Map of Southeast Asia from a Siamese perspective, ca. 1869 127
4.2 Map of Southeast Asia from a Vietnamese perspective, ca. 1838 128
5.1 Sketch of the countries between Hindustan and the Caspian Sea, 1879 163
5.2 Rough map of the Mohmand and Surrounding Country to illustrate the
undemarcated portion of the Indo-A fghan boundary between Nawa
Kandau and Sikaram Peak, 1895 170
6.1 The Russian Empire in 1914 208
8.1 A map entitled “British Possessions in the Indian Seas,” with the
main panel showing Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and inserts showing Melaka,
Singapore, Penang, and Labouan, ca. 1872 256
8.2 Hong Kong, ca. 1880 262
8.3 Indian sketches: unloading ice at Bombay 263
Tables
1.1 Destination of FDI, 2003– 12, measured as a percentage of the national total 40
1.2 Declining volume of trade at the Ganjuur Temple Market 42
1.3 Herd size in Hulunbuir, 1906–4 6 42
2.1 Population of Xiamen for 1881–1 901 63
6.1 Russian migrants settling in Asiatic Russia, 1801–1 914 198
6.2 Growth in Siberian population, 1622–1 911 198
6.3 Distribution of settlers in Asiatic Russia, 1893–1 912 199
Acknowledgments

These volumes emerged from a research project based in the Department of History,
National University of Singapore, with which they also share a title. The investigators,
editors, authors, and project members note with gratitude the support provided by the
Singapore Ministry of Education through a research grant from the MOE Academic
Research Fund, Tier 2, without which this work would not have been possible. Grateful
thanks also to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, as well as the Department, for
understanding and support. Claire Lipscomb and Emma Goode from Bloomsbury were
more patient than we deserved and very supportive, for which our thanks. Among the
authors, special mention must go to Thomas DuBois for doing so much to launch the
entire project in the first place. Miriam Kaminishi and Ishizu Tomoyuki made timely
and welcome contributions to the project as a whole. Most welcome and effective
research assistance was provided by Michelle Djong, Daniel Lee, Aloysius Ng, Sandeep
Singh, Amelia Tan, Wilfred Teo, and Jennifer Yip. Last but not least, the many students
who over the years have taken our course HY2245 History of Empires, Colonies and
Imperialism have our gratitude for inspiring the whole idea in the first place.