Table Of ContentVagus
nerve
Heart
Salivary glands
Lungs
Liver
Stomach
Pupil
Sympathetic outflow
Parasympathetic outflow
Cranial
nerves
(12 pairs)
Postganglionic axons
Cervical
nerves
(8 pairs)
Thoracic
nerves
(12 pairs)
Lumbar
nerves
(5 pairs)
Sacral
nerves
(5 pairs)
Coccygeal
nerve
(1 pair)
Celiac
ganglion
Pelvic
nerve
(Most ganglia
near spinal cord)
Preganglionic axons
Pancreas
Kidney
Adrenal
gland
Muscles that erect hairs
Sweat
gland
Bladder
Uterus
Genitals
Large intestine
Small intestine
FIGURE C.1
The sympathetic
nervous system readies the
body for intense emergency
actions. The parasympathetic
nervous system facilitates
digestion and other energy-
conserving actions.
Source: Adapted from Biology: The
Unity and Diversity of Life, 5th Edition,
by C. Starr and R. Taggart, p. 340.
Copyright © 1989 Wadsworth.
FIGURE C.2
Summary of results from many research studies.
Each colored dot represents one study that found increased
activity in the designated brain area during a particular emotional
state. Note that the results for any one emotion largely overlap
those for other emotions. Results depended on the research
procedures as well as which emotion was studied.
Source: Reprinted from Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002).
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in
PET and fMRI. NeuroImage, 16, 331–348, with permission from Elsevier.
FIGURE C.3
Thermal images from one person’s face
before (left) and immediately after (right) he told a lie.
Source: Reprinted from Pavlidis, I., Eberhardt, N. L., & Levine, J. A., (2002).
Seeing through the face of deception. Nature, 415, 35. Reproduced with per-
mission of NATURE PUB. GROUP via Copyright Clearance Center.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
FIGURE C.4 ( L E F T)
Someone who briefly views one of these images
while wearing a green filter over one eye and a red filter over the other
consciously sees either a face or a house. However, even when someone
reports seeing only the house, the amygdala responds to the emotion of
the face anyway.
SOURCE: Williams, M. A., Morris, A. P., McGlone, F., Abbott, D. F., & Mattingley, J. B. (2004).
Amygdala responses to fearful and happy facial expressions under conditions of binocular
suppression. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 2898–2904. © 2004. Society for Neuroscience.
FIGURE C.5 ( A B O V E)
The anterior cingulate cortex (seen here in
the red and yellow indicators from fMRI measurements) produces
increased activity while someone is being socially excluded. The same
area is activated by emotional responses to physical pain.
Source: Reprinted with permission from Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D.
(2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290–292. © 2003,
AAAS.
FIGURE C.6 (LEFT)
Do the eye
expressions appear to differ between
A and B? Between C and D? Many
people think they see a difference
between A and B, where the expres-
sions are actually the same, but fail
to see the difference that does exist
between C and D. Our perception of
the smiling mouth dominates our
evaluation of the entire face.
Source: Reprinted from: Kontsevich, L. L., & Tyler,
C. W. (2004). What makes Mona Lisa smile? Vision
Research, 44, 1493–1498, with permission from
Elsevier.
FIGURE C.7 (ABOVE)
The top part
shows in red those areas that had more ac-
tivity while reading “guilt” sentences than
unemotional sentences. The bottom part
shows the areas that were more activated
by “embarrassment” sentences than un-
emotional sentences. Note the great simi-
larity between guilt and embarrassment.
Source: Reprinted from: Takahashi, H., Yahata, N., Koeda,
M., Matsuda, T., Asai, K., & Okubo, Y. (2004). Brain activa-
tion associated with evaluative processes of guilt and em-
barrassment: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 23, 967–974,
with permission from Elsevier.
FIGURE C.8 ( A B O V E)
In these cross-sections through human brains,
yellow indicates different areas that showed greater activity during either
sexual arousal or inhibition of arousal.
Source: Reprinted with permission from Beauregard, M., Lévesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001).
Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, RC165.
© 2001, Society for Neuroscience.
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MICHELLE N. SHIOTA
Arizona State University
JAMES W. KALAT
North Carolina State University
Emotion
SECOND EDITION
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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