Table Of ContentEmerging Technologies in Environmental
Bioremediation
Emerging Technologies in
Environmental Bioremediation
Edited by
Maulin P. Shah
Industrial Waste Water Research Lab, Division of Applied & Environmental
Microbiology, Enviro Technology Limited, India
Susana Rodriguez-Couto
Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science,
Maria Diaz de Haro 3, Bilbao, Spain
S. Sevin¸c ¸Sengo¨r
Middle East Technical University, Department of
Environmental Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
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Contents
List of contributors...............................................................................................xv
Preface.................................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1:Immobilization of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria for
nitrogen-rich wastewater treatment........................................................ 1
Shou-Qing Ni, Hafiz Adeel Ahmad and Shakeel Ahmad
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Anammox bacteria and their metabolic process.................................................3
1.3 Cell immobilization: a strategy to improve microbial wastewater treatment....5
1.3.1 What is cell immobilization?......................................................................5
1.3.2 Different approaches for cell immobilization..............................................5
1.4 Why is gel immobilization advantageous?..........................................................8
1.5 Gel materials used for the immobilization of anammox.....................................9
1.5.1 Polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate.........................10
1.5.2 Waterborne polyurethane..........................................................................10
1.5.3 Polyethylene glycol gel.............................................................................11
1.6 Application of cell immobilization in anammox and partial nitrification........12
1.6.1 Application of immobilized anammox......................................................12
1.7 Commercialization of immobilizing technology...............................................13
1.8 Conclusion..........................................................................................................17
Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................18
References...................................................................................................................18
Chapter 2:Accelerated bioremediation of petroleum refinery sludge through
biostimulation and bioaugmentation of native microbiome...................... 23
Jayeeta Sarkar, Ajoy Roy, Pinaki Sar and Sufia K. Kazy
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................23
2.2 Petroleum refinery waste: composition and hazard..........................................26
2.3 Microbiology of hydrocarbon-associated environments...................................28
v
vi Contents
2.4 Microbial bioremediation of waste sludge........................................................43
2.4.1 Accelerated bioremediation......................................................................44
2.5 Factors affecting bioremediation.......................................................................49
2.6 Future scope.......................................................................................................51
References...................................................................................................................51
Further reading............................................................................................................64
Chapter 3:Degradation and detoxification of waste via bioremediation: a step
toward sustainable environment........................................................... 67
Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................67
3.2 Bioremediation and the role of bioavailability..................................................68
3.2.1 Surfactants................................................................................................68
3.2.2 Biodegradation.........................................................................................69
3.2.3 In situ and ex situ bioremediation.............................................................70
3.3 The degradation and/or detoxification of pollutants.........................................70
3.3.1 Heavy metal pollutant...............................................................................70
3.3.2 Dyes.........................................................................................................73
3.4 Role of genetic engineering in bioremediation.................................................76
3.4.1 Bioremediation through microbial systems biology..................................77
3.5 Limitations and future prospect.........................................................................78
Acknowledgment........................................................................................................78
Competing interests....................................................................................................78
References...................................................................................................................79
Further reading............................................................................................................83
Chapter 4:Fungal laccases: versatile green catalyst for bioremediation of
organopollutants................................................................................. 85
Ajit Patel, Vanita Patel, Radhika Patel, Ujjval Trivedi and Kamlesh Patel
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................85
4.2 Distribution and physiological functions of laccases........................................87
4.3 Production of laccases........................................................................................88
4.3.1 Screening of laccase-producing fungi.......................................................88
4.3.2 Cultural and nutritional conditions for laccase production........................89
4.3.3 Heterologous production of laccases.........................................................91
4.3.4 Biochemical properties of laccases...........................................................94
4.3.5 Mode of action of laccases.......................................................................97
4.3.6 Classification of laccases according to substrate specificity....................100
Contents vii
4.3.7 Laccase mediator system........................................................................101
4.3.8 Immobilization of laccase.......................................................................104
4.4 Application of laccases for bioremediation of environmental pollutants.......106
4.4.1 Degradation of xenobiotic compounds....................................................107
4.4.2 Decolorization of synthetic dyes.............................................................110
4.4.3 Treatment of industrial effluent..............................................................113
4.4.4 Potential applications in pulp and paper industry....................................113
4.4.5 Applications of laccases to develop ecofriendly processes......................114
4.5 Limitations and future prospects......................................................................115
References.................................................................................................................116
Chapter 5:Emerging bioremediation technologies for the treatment of
wastewater containing synthetic organic compounds.............................131
Kunal Jain, Jenny Johnson, Neelam Devpura, Rohit Rathour, Chirayu Desai,
Onkar Tiwari and Datta Madamwar
5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................131
5.2 Electrobioremediation......................................................................................134
5.3 Bioelectrochemical systems/technology..........................................................135
5.4 Phytotechnology (phytoremediation)...............................................................138
5.4.1 Phytoreactors and constructed wetlands..................................................138
5.4.2 Plant(cid:1)microbe phytoremediation...........................................................139
5.4.3 Plant enzymes and metabolites...............................................................140
5.4.4 Hydroponic systems................................................................................141
5.4.5 Plant tissue culturing..............................................................................141
5.5 Electron beam irradiation.................................................................................142
5.6 Conclusion: unresolved challenges and future perspectives...........................144
Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................146
References.................................................................................................................146
Chapter 6:Bacterial quorum sensing in environmental biotechnology: a new
approach for the detection and remediation of emerging pollutants.......151
Debapriya Sarkar, Kasturi Poddar, Nishchay Verma, Sayantani Biswas
and Angana Sarkar
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................................151
6.2 Mechanisms of bacterial quorum sensing.......................................................152
6.2.1 Two-component system in Gram-positive bacteria.................................153
6.2.2 Acyl homoserine lactone in Gram-negative bacteria...............................153
6.3 Quorum sensing in environmental biotechnology...........................................154
viii Contents
6.3.1 Heavy metal detection............................................................................154
6.3.2 Pathogen detection..................................................................................158
6.3.3 Bioremediation.......................................................................................158
6.3.4 Biofilm formation...................................................................................159
6.3.5 Hydrocarbon remediation.......................................................................160
6.4 Limitations of microbial quorum sensing........................................................161
6.5 Conclusion........................................................................................................161
References.................................................................................................................161
Chapter 7: Bioremediation: an effective technologytoward asustainable
environment via theremediation ofemerging environmentalpollutants...165
Komal Agrawal, Ankita Bhatt, Venkatesh Chaturvedi and Pradeep Verma
7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................165
7.2 Emerging pollutants.........................................................................................166
7.2.1 Bisphenol A............................................................................................166
7.2.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons..........................................................168
7.2.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls.......................................................................169
7.2.4 Pharmaceutical wastes............................................................................170
7.2.5 Hospital effluents as source of emerging pollutants................................171
7.2.6 Other emerging pollutants......................................................................172
7.3 Types of bioremediation..................................................................................173
7.3.1 Microbial bioremediation........................................................................173
7.3.2 Phycoremediation...................................................................................175
7.3.3 Mixed cell culture system.......................................................................176
7.3.4 Phytoremediation....................................................................................176
7.3.5 Enzymatic bioremediation......................................................................179
7.3.6 Zooremediation.......................................................................................179
7.3.7 Vermiremediation...................................................................................179
7.4 Emerging techniques........................................................................................180
7.4.1 Application of biosurfactants................................................................180
7.4.2 Immobilization techniques....................................................................181
7.4.3 Adsorption and electrostatic binding.....................................................181
7.4.4 Entrapment in porous matrix and encapsulation...................................181
7.4.5 Electrokinetic remediation....................................................................182
7.4.6 Metagenomics.......................................................................................182
7.4.7 Protein engineering...............................................................................183
7.4.8 Bioinformatics......................................................................................183
7.4.9 Nanotechnology....................................................................................183
7.4.10 Genetic engineering..............................................................................184
7.4.11 Designer microbe and plant approach...................................................184
Contents ix
7.4.12 Rhizosphere engineering.......................................................................185
7.4.13 Manipulation of plant(cid:1)microbe symbiosis...........................................185
7.4.14 Cometabolic bioremediation.................................................................186
7.5 Conclusion........................................................................................................186
Acknowledgment......................................................................................................186
Competing interests..................................................................................................186
References.................................................................................................................187
Chapter 8:Application of metagenomics in remediation of contaminated sites and
environmental restoration...................................................................197
Vineet Kumar, Indu Shekhar Thakur, Ajay Kumar Singh and Maulin P. Shah
8.1 Introduction......................................................................................................197
8.2 Mechanism of bioremediation.........................................................................200
8.3 Approaches used to study microbial communities involved in in situ
and ex situ bioremediation...............................................................................202
8.3.1 Culture-based techniques........................................................................203
8.3.2 Culture-independent techniques..............................................................203
8.4 Metagenomics: a culture-independent insight.................................................215
8.4.1 Functional-based metagenomics.............................................................216
8.4.2 Sequence-based metagenomics...............................................................217
8.4.3 Metatranscriptomics................................................................................218
8.4.4 Metaproteomics......................................................................................218
8.4.5 Metabolomics.........................................................................................219
8.4.6 Metagenomics sequencing strategies.......................................................220
8.5 Next-generation sequencing technologies to explore structure and
function of microbial communities..................................................................220
8.6 Conclusion........................................................................................................224
References.................................................................................................................225
Further reading..........................................................................................................232
Chapter 9:In situ bioremediation techniques for the removal of emerging
contaminants and heavy metals using hybrid microbial
electrochemical technologies................................................................233
M.M. Ghangrekar, S.M. Sathe and I. Chakraborty
9.1 Introduction......................................................................................................233
9.1.1 Bioremediation for pollution control and classification of
bioremediation techniques......................................................................234
9.1.2 Microbial electrochemical technology....................................................235
x Contents
9.2 In situ bioremediation using microbial electrochemical technologies............235
9.2.1 Constructed wetlands-microbial fuel cells...............................................235
9.2.2 Sediment-microbial fuel cells.................................................................241
9.2.3 Soil-microbial fuel cells..........................................................................243
9.2.4 Plant-microbial fuel cells........................................................................246
9.3 Future scope of research..................................................................................250
9.4 Summary.............................................................................................................251
References.................................................................................................................251
Chapter 10: Gene-targeted metagenomics approach for the degradation of
organic pollutants..........................................................................257
Raghawendra Kumar, Dinesh Kumar, Labdhi Pandya, Priti Raj Pandit,
Zarna Patel, Shivarudrappa Bhairappanavar and Jayashankar Das
10.1 Introduction....................................................................................................257
10.2 Gene-targeted metagenomics.........................................................................258
10.3 Methods used for metagenomics studies.......................................................259
10.4 Bacterial community abundance....................................................................262
10.4.1 Biodegradation pathway involved in the degradation of organic
compounds...........................................................................................262
10.4.2 Functional metagenomics.....................................................................265
10.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................268
10.6 Future perspective..........................................................................................269
References.................................................................................................................269
Further reading..........................................................................................................273
Chapter 11: Current status of toxic wastewater control strategies.......................275
Sushma Chityala, Dharanidaran Jayachandran, Ashish A. Prabhu and
Veeranki Venkata Dasu
11.1 Introduction....................................................................................................275
11.2 Causes and effects of toxic wastewater pollution.........................................276
11.3 Current interventions in toxic wastewater control........................................277
11.3.1 Treatment using aquatic systems..........................................................277
11.3.2 Treatment using microalgae..................................................................278
11.3.3 Treatment using vermifiltration............................................................278
11.3.4 Other interventions in toxic wastewater control....................................279
11.4 Wastewater reuse............................................................................................281
11.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................282
Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................282
References.................................................................................................................282
