Table Of ContentEmerging Technologies for Sustainable
Desalination Handbook
Emerging Technologies
for Sustainable
Desalination Handbook
Veera Gnaneswar Gude
Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
©2018ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek
permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour
arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright
LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or
medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein
evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.
Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety
ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,
assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts
liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,
instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:978-0-12-815818-0
ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:MathewDeans
AcquisitionEditor:KenMcCombs
EditorialProjectManager:PeterJardim
ProductionProjectManager:SuryaNarayananJayachandran
CoverDesigner:MilesHitchen
TypesetbySPiGlobal,India
Dedication
To my late father Gude Bhaskar Rao, to my mother Gude Fathima,
to my sister Kalyani, to my brothers Kiran and Karunakar,
and to Preeti Muire.
Contributors
Abimola Adebesi Nanotechnologyand CatalysisResearch Center(NANOCAT),
Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
Aliakbar Akbarzadeh RMIT University,Melbourne, VIC, Australia
MohammadAminAlaeiShahmirzadiAmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(Tehran
Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
Adnan A.Alanezi The Public Authority for AppliedEducation and Training
(PAAET), Sabah Alsalem,Kuwait
Md. E. Ali Nanotechnology andCatalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
AbdullahAlkhudhiri King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST),
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ali Altaee Universityof Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Li AngKing Abdullah UniversityofScience &Technology (KAUST),Thuwal,
Saudi Arabia
Brian Bolto CSIROManufacturing, Clayton South, VIC, Australia
MuhammadBurhanKingAbdullahUniversityofScience&Technology(KAUST),
Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Jos(cid:1)e A.Caballero University ofAlicante, Alicante, Spain
Qian Chen National University ofSingapore, Singapore, Singapore
ZairaZ.ChowdhuryNanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCenter(NANOCAT),
Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
Kian J. Chua National University ofSingapore, Singapore, Singapore
AbhijitDateRMIT University,Melbourne, VIC, Australia
xiv Contributors
SaeedDehghani RMIT University,Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Eric S. Fraga UniversityCollege London, London, UnitedKingdom
Manuel J. Gonza´lez-Ortega TechnicalUniversity ofCartagena, Cartagena, Spain
Alaa H. Hawari Qatar University,Doha, Qatar
NidalHilal Swansea University,Swansea, UnitedKingdom
Md. S. Islam Royal Melbourne Instituteof Technology (RMIT), Melbourne,VIC,
Australia
RafieB.JohanNanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCenter(NANOCAT),Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
AliKargariAmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(TehranPolytechnic),Tehran,Iran
Kum J.M National UniversityofSingapore, Singapore, Singapore
Na LiXi’an JiaotongUniversity, Xi’an, China
Jose F. Maestre-ValeroTechnical UniversityofCartagena,Cartagena, Spain
Farzaneh Mahmoudi RMIT University,Melbourne, VIC, Australia
VictorianoMart´ınez-AlvarezTechnicalUniversityofCartagena,Cartagena,Spain
Bernardo Martin-Gorriz Technical University ofCartagena, Cartagena, Spain
KhaledMoustafa Conservatoire National des Arts et M(cid:1)etiers,Paris,France
Peter Nasr AmericanUniversity inCairo, Cairo,Egypt
KimC.NgKingAbdullahUniversityofScience&Technology(KAUST),Thuwal,
SaudiArabia
VivianiC. Onishi University ofCoimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Kaushik PalWuhan University,Wuchang, PR China
RahmanF.RafiqueTheStateUniversityofNewJersey,NewBrunswick,NJ,United
States
Juan A.Reyes-Labarta UniversityofAlicante, Alicante,Spain
Contributors xv
Suresh Sagadevan AMET University,Chennai, India
Hani SewilamRWTH Aachen University,Aachen,Germany
SyedT.ShahNanotechnologyandCatalysisResearchCenter(NANOCAT),Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Muhammad W. Shahzad King AbdullahUniversity ofScience &Technology
(KAUST),Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Mariano Soto-Garc´ıa Technical University ofCartagena, Cartagena, Spain
Qinzhuo Wang CSIRO Manufacturing, ClaytonSouth, VIC, Australia; Xi’an
Jiaotong University,Xi’an, China
Zongli XieCSIROManufacturing, Clayton South, VIC, Australia
Wageeh A.Yehye Nanotechnology andCatalysis Research Center (NANOCAT),
Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
SaharZareAmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(TehranPolytechnic),Tehran,Iran
DomingoZarzo Valoriza Agua, Madrid, Spain
Biography
Veera Gnaneswar Gude is an associate professor of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at Mississippi State University (MSU). He has more than 15years of
academic,researchandindustrialexperienceindesalination,water-wastewatertreat-
ment,biofuelscientific,andtechnologicalareas.HereceivedaBSdegreeinchemical
engineering technology from Osmania University in 2000 and worked for Du Pont
Singaporeafterhisgraduationfrom2000to2004.HereceivedanMSdegreeinenvi-
ronmentalengineeringfromtheNationalUniversityofSingaporein2004andaPhD
degreeinenvironmentalengineeringfromtheNewMexicoStateUniversityin2007,
under the direction of Prof. Nagamany Nirmalakhandan, for his research in
low-temperaturethermaldesalination.Heexpandedhisresearchinterestsintowater
andwastewatertreatment,microbialdesalination,biofuelsynthesisusingsustainable
chemistry principles and process intensification topics during his postdoctoral
research,industrialandacademicappointments.Heisalicensedprofessionalengineer
andaboardcertifiedenvironmentalengineerbytheAmericanAcademyofEnviron-
mentalEngineers and Scientists(AAEES).
Dr. Gude has published more than 70 scientific research articles on desalination
(thermal, membrane, hybrid, and microbial), water-wastewater treatment, and on
biofuelsresearchinwell-regardedjournals.Hehaspublished3booksondesalination
research (Elsevier) and 2 books on biofuels research (CRC Press), 15 invited book
chapters, 50 conference proceedings papers, 15 technical reports, several popular
press articles and media releases, and 2 patents on low-temperature desalination
andmicroalgaebiofuelstechnologies.Hehasdelivered35invitedlecturesincluding
6 plenary/keynote lectures and more than 140 scientific research and educational
presentations. He has organized workshops on water-energy-environment nexus
topicsatnationalandinternationalconferences.Hewasthechairandboardrepresen-
tativeforcleanenergyandwaterdivisionofASESbetween2011and2016.Heserves
onnumerousscientificadvisoryboardsandtaskcommitteesacrosstheworldinclud-
ing ASCE-EWRI, ASEE, ASES, and AWWA. He is a member of several editorial
boards and editor for many scientific journals including ASCE Journal of Environ-
mentalEngineering,Heliyon,NaturenpjCleanWater,RenewableEnergy,andWater
Environment Research Journal. His research is supported by NSF, USEPA, USGS,
USDA, and by other industrial and international agencies. He has received much
recognition for his research, education, and service activities at regional, national,
and international conferences and fromprofessional societies
Preface
Desalination industry has advanced in recent years due to the increasing global
demands for freshwater associated with population growth. Membrane and thermal
desalinationprocessesandtechnologieshavebeenwidelyimplementedinmanyparts
of the world. Despite more than 50years of operational and process management
experiences, the energy costs still prohibit desalination applications in many areas
ofcriticalneedforfreshwater.Ontheotherhand,duetoglobalwaterscarcity,non-
conventional water sources such as reclaimed water, produced waters, and other
industrialwastewatersarebeingconsideredfordesalinationtechnologyapplications.
Oftenthesewatersourcescontainpollutantsthatareproblematictotheperformance
ofdesalinationprocesses.Atthesame time,thefreshwaterneedsforirrigationcon-
tinue togrow in arid regions for food production. This also requires careful consid-
eration of water production costs from desalination plants. In addition,
environmental pollution related to desalination technology implementation should
beminimized.Inviewofalltheseconcurrentissues,therehasbeenagrowinginterest
amongtheresearchersandindustrialiststodevelopenergy-efficientandcost-effective
hybrid or novel desalination processes in recent decades. These processes can be
developedbycombiningtheprinciplesofphysicalseparationand/orthermalevapo-
rationtoserveasstandaloneorpretreatmentprocessesfordesalinationandzero-liquid
discharge technologies.
Manynovelprocessesweredevelopedinrecentyearsandnotableadvanceshave
been made in these technologies. These include adsorption desalination, forward
osmosis,humidificationanddehumidification,membranedistillation,pervaporation,
and spray-type thermal processes. In addition, novel membrane materials such as
nanocomposite and carbon nanotube membranes were also explored. Each of these
processes or membrane materials carries its own set of benefits and drawbacks.
Equally important are the desalination technology applications in agriculture, crop
irrigation,concentrateorbrinevalorization,andshalegas-producedwatertreatment.
Thisbookcoverstherecentadvancesineachofthesetechnologicalareasandprovides
directions for their future development and implementation for various beneficial
uses.Thisbookisintendedtoserveasaresourceandguidancemanualforunderstand-
ingtheprinciples,mechanisms,design,andsuccessfulimplementationofdesalination
technologies for undergraduate and graduate researchers, science and engineering
professionals, and industrial practitioners. This book is a critical resource for
researchersfromchemicalengineeringandscience,environmentalscienceandengi-
neering,mechanicalandelectricalengineering,andindustrialandprocessengineer-
ing,andmanagementdisciplineswithadesiretounderstandthescience,engineering,
and process management related tosustainable desalination.
