Emerging Technologies and Management of Crop Stress Tolerance. Volume 2: A Sustainable Approach

522 Pages·2014·22.664 MB·English

by  Parvaiz Ahmad, Saiema Rasool

Emerging Technologies
and Management of
Crop Stress Tolerance
Emerging Technologies
and Management of
Crop Stress Tolerance
A Sustainable Approach
Volume 2
Edited by
Parvaiz Ahmad
Saiema Rasool
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Dedication
This book is dedicatedto
Hakim AbdulHameed
(1908(cid:1)1999)
Founder ofJamiaHamdard (HamdardUniversity)
New Delhi, India
Preface
Before the onset of agriculture, Man was a forager. Man used wild animals and plants to aid
survival. This was the only issue to satisfy his hunger. Some 10,000 years ago, Man started to live
in groups around the world, beginning to gather and cultivate cereals, along with domesticated
animals for meat, milk, skin, etc. From that period, agriculture became the most important part
of life. The changes from a nomadic to very settled way of life form started due to early
agricultural practices. Now you can see how much development has taken place in agriculture.
We have every possible type of machinery, a multitude of technologies, and the latest methods to
produce moreand more food.
But no matter how developed we are, there are still people suffering from malnutrition in devel-
oping and underdeveloped countries. Soil, from which we cultivate our food, is decreasing in size
as well as in fertility, all because of environmental fluctuations. Biotic and abiotic stresses are
increasing to an alarming rate, thus affecting the soil fertility, turning once-cultivable land into
uncultivated. The environmental stresses also affect plant growth and development and ultimately
leadto decreases incrop yields worldwide.
Another problem to tackle in this modern developed world is population growth. The human
race is increasing at such a pace that in coming years, the population on this planet will be too big
to satisfy its hunger. In an attempt tocombat this grave situation, scientists around the globe started
a mission to develop plants that can give higher yields and can also grow on the marginal lands.
These scientists have developed the latest technologies and methods to fight back against these
stresses that affect the yield. The latest techniques will help us understand the molecular, physio-
logical,and biochemical pathways that can be manipulatedtomeetouragricultural needs.
In this regard we have compiled a two-volume work from different scientists around the world
to give insights into this new breed of technology. Emerging Technologies and Management of
Crop Stress Tolerance: Volume II Sustainable Agriculture throws light on the different recent tech-
nologies used for the development of crop yield under a multitude of environmental stresses and
other recent methods to be used for this purpose. This volume comprises 21 chapters and a brief
outline ofeach chapter is given below.
Chapter1isregardingtheimprovementoflegumecropproduction underenvironmentalstresses
throughbiotechnologicalintervention.Heretheauthordiscussesthemajorstressesaffectinglegume
crop production and biotechnological interventions to resist biotic and abiotic stress in legumes.
Chapter 2 discusses abiotic stress tolerance in plants, looking at the insights that have come from
proteomics. The topics such as plant responses to abiotic stresses and proetomic analysis of plant
responses toabioticstresses is well explainedby the authors.
Chapters 3(cid:1)8 deal with different endophytic microbes, plant growth-promoting bacteria and
mycorrhiza in alleviating the abiotic stress in plants. The role of antimycorrhizal fungi in phytore-
mediation of heavy metals is also discussed. The biological control of fungal disease by rhizobac-
teria under saline soil conditions is also well explained.
Chapter 9 deals with prevention of potential diseases of crop plants under the impact of chang-
ing environment. Here the authors have discussed major crops and techniques involved in the
xvii
xviii Preface
preventionofhazardous stress tocrops.Chapter10discussesplant responsestometalstress,inpar-
ticular the emerging role of plant growth hormones (auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins) in toxicity
alleviation. Chapter 11 deals with reactive nitrogen species and role of nitrous oxide in mitigating
the effect of abiotic stress. Chapter 12 explains the role of tocopherol (vitamin E) in plants in abi-
otic stress tolerance and beyond. The chemistry and types of tocopherol, tocopherol biosynthesis
and accumulationinplants is also explained.
Chapter 13 throws light on land and water management strategies for the improvement of crop
production. Here, the authors explain strategies for the improvement of crop production in water-
deficient and water-logging agroecosystems. Chapter 14 discusses integrating physiological and
genetic approaches for improving drought tolerance in crops. Here in this chapter, authors have
explained drought stress in changing environments and the response to water deficits, evaluation
methodologies forscreeninggenotypesunder droughtstressandkeyphysiologicalattributesfortar-
geted breeding programs. Chapter 15 deals with the use of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics analy-
sis to study the performance of photosynthetic machinery in plants. Here the authors discuss
chlorophyll fluorescence and the heterogeneity of PSII, the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence
kinetics, and give examplesof successfulapplicationsof chlorophyll fluorescence measurements.
Chapters 16 and 17 are about osmotic and ionic stress induced by abiotic stress in plants.
The role of different inorganic and organic osmolytes in mitigation of abiotic stress is also
discussed. Chapter 18 deals with emerging role of aquaporins in plant tolerance to abiotic stress.
Thestructureandwaterconductingpropertiesofaquaporins,andtheirplace inplant-waterrelations
is also discussed very well.
Chapter 19 explains the prospects of field crops being used for phytoremediation of contami-
nants.Heretheauthorshave discussed contaminantsinsoil,waterandplants,andpotentialforphy-
toremediation. Chapter 20 deals with sustainable soil management in olive orchards, in particular
the effects on telluric microorganisms. Finally, Chapter 21 throws lighton vulnerability of Tunisian
agricultureto the changing climate.
This volume is the compilation of different perspectives from around the globe that directly or
indirectly lead us to understand the mechanism of plant stress tolerance and mitigation of these
dangerous stresses through sustainable methods. This volume will be beneficial for students, tea-
chersof colleges anduniversities, environmentalists andalso for thoseworking inagro-industries.
We have left no stone unturned in giving the final shape to this volume. However, we feel that
there might be room for improvement, and in this regard we seek indulgence and feedback from
the readers sothat we can keep their comments inmind for coming volumes.
We are very much thankful to our contributors who have devoted their valuable time in prepar-
ing their chapters and bearing the editors’ corrections and suggestions as well. We owe our grati-
tude to Nancy Maragioglio (Acquisitions Editor, Elsevier), Carrie Bolger (Editorial Project
Manager, Life Sciences, Elsevier), Melissa Read (Freelance Project Manager, Elsevier) and all the
otherstaff members ofElsevier,who weredirectly orindirectlyassociated with the project for their
constant help, valuablesuggestions andtimelypublication ofthis volume.
ParvaizAhmad
Saiema Rasool
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge all the contributors of this volume for their valuable contributions. Parvaiz
Ahmad also acknowledges the Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir,
Indiafor their support.
xix
About the Editors
Dr. Parvaiz Ahmad is Senior Assistant Professor in the Department of
Botany at Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He has
completed his postgraduated study in Botany in 2000 at Jamia Hamdard,
New Delhi, India. After receiving a Doctorate degree from the Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, he joined the International Centre for
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, in 2007. His main
researchareaisStressPhysiologyandMolecularBiology.Hehaspublished
more than 35 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and 29 book chap-
ters. He is also an editor of 12 volumes (1 with Studium Press Pvt. India
Ltd., New Delhi, India, 8 with Springer USA and 3 with Elsevier USA).
He is a recipient of the Junior Research Fellowship and Senior Research
Fellowship by CSIR, New Delhi, India. Dr. Ahmad has been awarded the Young Scientist Award
undertheFastTrackschemein2007bytheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology,Governmentof
India. Dr. Ahmad is actively engaged in studying the molecular and physio-biochemical responses
ofdifferentagriculturalandhorticulturalplantsunderenvironmentalstress.
Dr. Saiema Rasool is currently teaching plant science in the Education
department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir India. Dr. Rasool com-
pleted her Masters in Botany at Jamia Hamdard New Delhi, India in 2007,
specializing in plant stress physiology. She has eight research publications
to her credit, published in various international and national journals of
repute. She has also published 7 book chapters in international published
volumes from publishers such as Springer, Elsevier and Wiley. At present,
her research interests are mainly focused on the development of abiotic
stress tolerant plants and the physiological and biochemical responses of
crop plants toa range ofbiotic and abioticstresses.
xxi
List of Contributors
ElsayedFathiAbd-Allah
Plant Production Department, College ofFood and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
FakihaAfzal
Atta-ur-Rahman School ofApplied Biosciences,NationalUniversity ofSciences and Technology,
Islamabad, Pakistan
Mohammad Abass Ahanger
School ofStudies inBotany,JiwajiUniversity,GwaliorMP India
ParvaizAhmad
Department of Botany,S.P.College, Srinagar,Jammu and Kashmir,India
SaniaAhmed
Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University,Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Ahmad Ali
Center for Plant Sciencesand Biodiversity,University of Swat, KhyberPakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
Zeshan Ali
Ecotoxicology Research Institute,NationalAgricultural Research Centre,Islamabad,Pakistan
PatrickAudet
Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forestry Service,Natural Resources Canada,Edmonton,
Canada
RenuBhardwaj
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Punjab,India
MarianBrestic
Department of Plant Physiology,Facultyof Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural
University,Nitra,Slovak Republic
Teresa Casacchia
Freelance Nutritionist, Presidente Associazione,Nutrizione Umana,Cosenza, Italy
Magdalena D. Cetner
Department of Plant Physiology,Facultyof Agricultureand Biology,WarsawUniversity ofLife
Sciences, Warsaw,Poland
Devendra Kumar Chauhan
Department of Botany,University of Allahabad,Allahabad,India
Devendra Kumar Choudhary
Department of Science,Faculty ofArts,Science and Commerce,Mody University of Science
and Technology,Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
xxiii
xxiv List of Contributors
Piotr Da˛browski
Department ofEnvironmentalImprovement, WarsawUniversity ofLife Sciences,
Warsaw,Poland
Murat Dikilitas
Department ofPlant Protection, Faculty ofAgriculture, Harran University,S.Urfa,Turkey
DilfuzaEgamberdieva
Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Vilim Filipovic
University of Zagreb, FacultyofAgriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
Masayuki Fujita
Laboratory ofPlant StressResponses, Department ofApplied BiologicalScience, Faculty of
Agriculture, KagawaUniversity,Kita-gun, Kagawa
Savita Gangwar
Department ofPlant Science,MJP Rohilkhand University,Uttar Pradesh, India
VasilijGoltsev
Department ofBiophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty ofBiology, St. Kliment Ohridski
University of Sofia, Sofia,Bulgaria
Olga M.Grant
UCD Forestry,School ofAgriculture and Food Science,University College Dublin,
Dublin, Ireland
Mohamed Hachicha
NationalInstituteon Rural Engineering Waterand Forest, Tunis, Tunisia
Neha Handa
Department ofBotanicaland Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Punjab, India
Mirza Hasanuzzaman
Department ofAgronomy, Faculty ofAgriculture, Sher-e-BanglaAgricultural University,
Dhaka,Bangladesh
Abeer Hashem
Botany and Microbiology Department, College ofScience,King Saud University,Riyadh,
SaudiaArabia
J.F. Hausman
Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centrede Recherche Public, Belvaux,
Luxembourg
Memoona Ilyas
Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan