Table Of ContentEMERGING SYNTHESES
IN SCIENCE
EMERGING SYNTHESES
IN SCIENCE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOUNDING WORKSHOPS
OF THE SANTA FE INSTITUTE
SANTAFE, NEW MEXICO
Volume I
David Pines,
Editor
Department of'Physics, Loomis Laboratory
University cfI llinois, Urbana
Advanced Book Program
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
First published 1988 by Perseus Books Publishing
Published 2018 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 1988 Taylor & Francis Group LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government works
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been
obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we
may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.
copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC),
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that
provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a
photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http ://www.taylorandfrancis .com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http ://www. crcpress .com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Emerging syntheses in science.
1. Science—Congresses. 2. Santa Fe Institute
(Santa Fe, N.M.)—Congresses. I. Pines, David,
1924- . II. Santa Fe Institute (Santa Fe, N.M.)
Q101.E49 1987 500 87-24121
ISBN 0-201-15677-6
ISBN 13: 978-0-201-15686-7 (pbk)
This volume was typeset using T^Xtures on a Macintosh computer.
DAVID PINES
Urbana, IL, September, 1987
Foreword
The Santa Fe Institute, as a key element in its founding activities, sponsored
two workshops on “Emerging Syntheses in Science,” which took place on October
5-6 and November 10-11,1984. Each workshop began with a description by Murray
Gell-Mann of the concept of the Institute. Subsequent speakers described aspects of
emerging syntheses which might prove relevant to the future development of the In
stitute and George Cowan described some of the initial steps which are being taken
to create the Institute. In the course of the talks, and discussions which ensued,
a number of possible future directions for the Institute were explored. Networks,
which might tie together researchers in a newly emerging synthesis, using both tra
ditional and innovative forms of communication, ranging from workshops and the
exchange of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to computer links, emerged
as one of the initial foci of the Institute activity.
There was unanimous agreement among the participants that Professor Gell-
Mann’s keynote address and the ensuing talks were of such high quality and general
interest that it would be highly desirable to publish these for broader distribution.
I agreed to serve as Editor of the Proceedings and chose an informal format for this
volume as a way of making the proceedings rapidly available at modest cost. To
convey the character of the workshops, contributors were encouraged, in writing up
their talks, to follow the same kind of informal approach which characterized their
presentations. The grouping of the talks is intended to reflect some of the many
connections between apparently different problems which became evident during
Emerging Syntheses in Science, 1987 V
vi Emerging Syntheses in Science
the workshops, while the flow chart below illustrates some further connections. For
those speakers who were not able to contribute a manuscript, brief summaries of
their remarks are appended.
It gives me pleasure, on behalf of the Board of Trustees of the Santa Fe Institute,
to thank the contributors to this volume for their rapid response to my pleas for
manuscripts, and to thank the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the John D.
and Catherine MacArthur Foundation for their financial support, which has made
possible both the workshops and the publication of this volume. Special thanks go to
Karie Friedman and Ronda Butler-Villa for their assistance in editing this volume,
and to Fran^oise Ulam for her translation of the article by Dr. Schiitzenberger.
FIGURE 1 FLOW CHART, illustrating some of the connections between talks and
topics discussed at Santa Fe Institute Workshops on “Emerging Syntheses in Science.”
Contents
Foreword
David Pines v
The Concept of the Institute
Murray Gell-Mann 1
Spin Glass Hamiltonians: A Bridge Between
Biology, Statistical Mechanics and Computer
Science
P. W. Anderson 17
Macromolecular Evolution: Dynamical Ordering in
Sequence Space
Manfred Eigen 21
Evolutionary Theory of Genotypes and Phenotypes:
Towards a Mathematical Synthesis
Marcus W. Feldman 43
Prospects for a Synthesis in the Human Behavioral
Sciences
Irven DeVore 53
Emerging Syntheses in Science, 1987 vil
Viii Emerging Syntheses in Science
The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology
John Tooby 67
War in Evolutionary Perspective
Richard W. Wrangham 77
The Relationship of Modern Archeology to Other
Disciplines
Douglas Schwartz 85
Reconstructing the Past through Chemistry
Anthony Turkevich 87
The Conscious and Unconscious Stream of Thought
Jerome L. Singer 95
Emerging Syntheses in Science: Conscious and
Unconscious Processes
Mardi J. Horowitz 121
Brain Mechanisms Underlying Visual
Hallucinations
J. D. Cowan 123
Solitons in Biological Molecules
Alwyn C. Scott 133
The New Biology and its Human Implications
Theodore T. Puck 153
Biomolecules
Hans Frauenfelder 155
Computing with Attractors: From Self-repairing
Computers to Ultradiffusion, and the Application
of Dynamical Systems to Human Behavior
B. A. Huberman 167
Fundamental Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy
Frank Wilczek 175
Complex Systems Theory
Stephen Wolfram 183
Mathematics and the Sciences
Felix E. Browder 191
Contents
Applications of Mathematics to Theoretical
Computer Science
Harvey Friedman
Linguistics and Computing
M. P. Schiitzenberger
Dissipation, Information, Computational
Complexity and the Definition of Organization
Charles H. Bennett
Plans for the Future
George A. Cowan
