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Emerging Marine Biotoxins Edited by Ana Gago-Martínez and Arjen Gerssen Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Toxins www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Emerging Marine Biotoxins Emerging Marine Biotoxins SpecialIssueEditors AnaGago-Mart´ınez ArjenGerssen MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade SpecialIssueEditors AnaGago-Mart´ınez Arjen Gerssen UniversidaddeVigo Wageningen University and Research Spain The Netherlands EditorialOffice MDPI St.Alban-Anlage66 4052Basel,Switzerland ThisisareprintofarticlesfromtheSpecialIssuepublishedonlineintheopenaccessjournalToxins (ISSN2072-6651)from2018to2019(availableat: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins/special issues/Emergingmarinebiotoxins) Forcitationpurposes,citeeacharticleindependentlyasindicatedonthearticlepageonlineandas indicatedbelow: LastName,A.A.; LastName,B.B.; LastName,C.C.ArticleTitle. JournalNameYear,ArticleNumber, PageRange. ISBN 978-3-03921-349-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-513-3 (PDF) (cid:2)c 2019bytheauthors. ArticlesinthisbookareOpenAccessanddistributedundertheCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon publishedarticles,aslongastheauthorandpublisherareproperlycredited,whichensuresmaximum disseminationandawiderimpactofourpublications. ThebookasawholeisdistributedbyMDPIunderthetermsandconditionsoftheCreativeCommons licenseCCBY-NC-ND. Contents AbouttheSpecialIssueEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ArjenGerssenandAnaGago-Martı´nez EmergingMarineBiotoxins Reprintedfrom:Toxins2019,11,314,doi:10.3390/toxins11060314 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Pablo Estevez, David Castro, Ana Pequen˜o-Valtierra, Jose´ M. Leao, Oscar Vilarin˜o, Jorge Dioge`neandAnaGago-Mart´ınez An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish PoisoninginMacaronesia Reprintedfrom:Toxins2019,11,221,doi:10.3390/toxins11040221 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Pedro Reis Costa, Pablo Estevez, David Castro, Lucı´a Solin˜o, Neide Gouveia, Carolina Santos,SusanaMargaridaRodrigues,Jose´ManuelLeaoandAnaGago-Martı´nez New Insights into the Occurrence and Toxin Profile of Ciguatoxins in Selvagens Islands (Madeira,Portugal) Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,524,doi:10.3390/toxins10120524 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 BoWang,MimiYao,JinZhou,ShangjinTan,HuiJin,FengZhang,YimLingMak,Jiajun Wu,LeoLaiChanandZhonghuaCai Growth and Toxin Production of Gambierdiscus spp. Can Be Regulated by Quorum-SensingBacteria Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,257,doi:10.3390/toxins10070257 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Ine`s Dom, Ronel Bire´, Vincent Hort, Gwenae¨lle Lavison-Bompard, Marina Nicolas and ThierryGue´rin ExtendedTargetedandNon-TargetedStrategiesfortheAnalysisofMarineToxinsinMussels andOystersby(LC-HRMS) Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,375,doi:10.3390/toxins10090375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 MirjamD.KlijnstraandArjenGerssen ASensitiveLC-MS/MSMethodforPalytoxinUsingLithiumCationization Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,537,doi:10.3390/toxins10120537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 SarahC.Finch,MichaelJ.BoundyandD.TimHarwood TheAcuteToxicityofTetrodotoxinandTetrodotoxin–SaxitoxinMixturestoMicebyVarious RoutesofAdministration Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,423,doi:10.3390/toxins10110423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 ArjenGerssen, ToineH.F.Bovee, MirjamD.Klijnstra, MarnixPoelman, LizaPortierand RonL.A.P.Hoogenboom FirstReportontheOccurrenceofTetrodotoxinsinBivalveMollusksinTheNetherlands Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,450,doi:10.3390/toxins10110450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 BenardMucholwaSimiyu,SteveOmondiOduor,ThomasRohrlack,LewisSitokiandRainer Kurmayer Microcystin Content in Phytoplankton and in Small Fish from Eutrophic Nyanza Gulf, LakeVictoria,Kenya Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,275,doi:10.3390/toxins10070275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 v MeganBrooke-Jones,MartinaGa´likova´andHeinrichDircksen Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin Beta-Methyl-Amino-L-Alanine Affects Dopaminergic Neurons in OpticGangliaandBrainofDaphniamagna Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,527,doi:10.3390/toxins10120527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Valerio Zupo, Mirko Mutalipassi, Nadia Ruocco, Francesca Glaviano, Antonino Pollio, AntonioLucaLangellotti,GiovannaRomanoandMariaCostantini DistributionofToxigenicHalomicronemaspp.inAdjacentEnvironmentsontheIslandofIschia: ComparisonofStrainsfromThermalWatersandFreeLivinginPosidoniaOceanicaMeadows Reprintedfrom:Toxins2019,11,99,doi:10.3390/toxins11020099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 QiwenLiao,GuiyiGong,ShirleyWengInSiu,ClarenceTsunTingWong,HuidongYu,Yu ChungTse,GandhiRa´dis-BaptistaandSimonMing-YuenLee ANovelShK-LikeToxicPeptidefromtheTranscriptomeoftheCnidarianPalythoacaribaeorum DisplaysNeuroprotectionandCardioprotectioninZebrafish Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,238,doi:10.3390/toxins10060238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 DavidWilsonandNorelleL.Daly NuclearMagneticResonanceseq(NMRseq):ANewApproachtoPeptideSequenceTags Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,437,doi:10.3390/toxins10110437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 ShiyongZhang, JiaLi, QinQin, WeiLiu, ChaoBian, YunhaiYi, MinghuaWang, Liqiang Zhong,XinxinYou,ShengkaiTang,YanshanLiu,YuHuang,RuoboGu,JunminXu,Wenji Bian,QiongShiandXiaohuiChen Whole-GenomeSequencingofChineseYellowCatfishProvidesaValuableGeneticResourcefor High-ThroughputIdentificationofToxinGenes Reprintedfrom:Toxins2018,10,488,doi:10.3390/toxins10120488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 vi About the Special Issue Editors AnaGago-Mart´ınezwithaPh.DDegreeinAnalyticalChemistryfromtheUniversityofVigo(Spain, 1992), Dr. Ana Gago-Mart´ınez leads a research team at the Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry at this same University. She graduated in Chemistry at the University of Santiago de Compostela(Spain,1982),whereshealsoobtainedherMaster’sDegreeinAnalyticalChemistry. In 1993, shecontinuedherPostDoctoralstudiesfortwoyearsattheInstituteofMarineBiosciences (NationalResearchCouncil)inHalifax(Canada)andobtainedafellowshipfromtheGalicianand SpanishMinistryofEducationasaguestscientistinHealthCanada,Ottawa(Canada,2000). Since 2009,AnaGagoMart´ınezistheDirectoroftheEuropeanReferenceLaboratoryforMarineBiotoxins. Arjen Gerssen with a Ph.D. Degree in Toxicology/Analytical Chemistry from the Wageningen University (The Netherlands, 2010), Dr Arjen Gerssen is senior scientist and food contaminants programmanageratWageningenFoodSafetyResearch.Hegraduatedinanalyticalchemistryatthe universityofappliedsciencesinAlkmaar,theNetherlands(2001). In2004,heobtainedhisMaster’s DegreeinAnalyticalChemistryattheFreeUniversityofAmsterdam.AfterobtaininghisPhDdegree in2010,ArjencontinuedasaresearchscientistatWageningenFoodSafetyResearchandparticipated invariousresearchprojectsonresiduesandcontaminantsinfood. Since2010,ArjenGerssenisthe scientistinchargeofthenationalreferencelaboratoryforMarineBiotoxins. vii toxins Editorial Emerging Marine Biotoxins ArjenGerssen1andAnaGago-Martínez2,3,* 1 WageningenFoodSafetyResearch(WFSR),WageningenUniversity&Research,Akkermaalsbos2, 6708WBWageningen,TheNetherlands;[email protected] 2 DepartmentofAnalyticalandFoodChemistry,UniversityofVigo,CampusUniversitariodeVigo, 36310Vigo,Spain 3 EuropeanUnionReferenceLaboratoryforMarineBiotoxins,CITEXVI,CampusUniversitariodeVigo, 36310Vigo,Spain * Correspondence:[email protected] Received:28May2019;Accepted:30May2019;Published:3June2019 Theemergenceofmarinebiotoxinsingeographicalareaswheretheyhaveneverbeenreported beforeisaconcernofconsiderableimpactonseafoodcontamination,andconsequently,onpublic health.Severalgroupsofmarinebiotoxins,inparticulartetrodotoxins,ciguatoxins,andpalytoxins, areincludedamongtherelevantmarinebiotoxinsthathaverecentlyemergedinseveralcoastalareas. Asimilarsituationhasbeenobservedinfreshwater,wherecyanobacterialtoxinssuchasmicrocystins mightendupinunexpectedareassuchastheestuarieswhereshellfisharecultivated.Climatechange andtheincreasedavailabilityofnutrientshavebeenconsideredasthekeyfactorsintheexpansion ofallofthesetoxinsintonewareas; however, thiscouldalsobeduetomoreintensebiological invasions,moresensitiveanalyticalmethods,orperhapsevenanincreasedscientificinterestinthese naturalcontaminations. Theincidencesofhumanintoxicationsduetotheconsumptionofseafood contaminatedwiththesetoxinshavemadetheirstudyanimportanttasktoaccomplish,inorderto protecthumanhealth.Thisspecialissuehasafocusonawidevarietyofemergingbiotoxinclasses. One of the most important classes of emerging toxins are ciguatoxins, which until recently wereconsideredendemicto(sub)tropicalregionsinthePacificandIndianOceanaswellasthe CaribbeanSea,butarenowadaysresponsibleforintoxicationsinotherplacesworldwide. Thisis particularlysoinEurope,notonlythroughtheconsumptionofimportedciguatoxincontaminated seafoodfromendemicareas,butalsobecauseoftheiroccurrenceinparticularareasofMacaronesia suchasAzores,MadeiraIslands(Portugal)andtheCanaryIslands(Spain).Ciguatoxinsareproduced bytheGambierdiscusspecies.Theeffectofmicrobiologicalfactorsonbothgrowthandtoxinproduction isstillpoorlyunderstood.Wangetal.investigatedtheeffectofquorumsensingbacteriaonbothof theseparameters[1].Itwasfoundthatquorumsensingbacteriahaveamajorinfluenceonthegrowthas wellasthetoxinproduction.Thisindicatesthedifficultyofpredictingthegrowthandtoxinproduction inenvironmentalconditionsasmanyfactorshaveaninfluenceonthesealgaltoxins. Ciguatoxins accumulateinhighertrophicfish;ifthesefishareconsumed,thismightleadtointoxication.Toconfirm thepresenceofthesetoxinsinfish,confirmatorymethodsthatusemassspectrometricdetectioncan beused.However,thesemethodsarechallenging,mainlyduetothelackofcommerciallyavailable referencematerials.Acombinationoftoxicityscreeningwithaninvitrocelltest,i.e.,theneuroblastoma cellviabilitytest,isoftenusedtoscreenthesamples.Thisassaycanalsobeusedforeffectdirected analysisasthatconductedbyEstevezetal.[2].SampleextractsfromfishcollectedfromMacaronesia werefractionated. Thefractionswerescreenedfortoxicityandtheactivefractionswereanalyzed byliquidchromatographyandtandemmassspectrometry(LC-MS/MS)toconfirmtheciguatoxins involvedinthesecontaminations. Caribbeanciguatoxin-1(C-CTX-1)hasbeenidentifiedasbeing mainlyresponsiblefortheCTXcontaminationintheseareas,althoughsomeotherC-CTX1analogues andmetaboliteshavealsobeenidentified.ReisCostaetal.alsoreportedonthepresenceofC-CTX1in fishfromthePortugueseareaofMadeiraandtheSelvagemIslands[3]. Itisdifficulttoconcludeif Toxins2019,11,314;doi:10.3390/toxins11060314 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins

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