Table Of ContentEmerging Contaminants in the
Terrestrial-Aquatic-Atmosphere Continuum
This page intentionally left blank
Emerging Contaminants
in the Terrestrial-Aquatic-
Atmosphere Continuum:
Occurrence, Health Risks,
and Mitigation
Willis Gwenzi
Professor and Lead Researcher, Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research
Group, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Harare Province, Zimbabwe
Alexander von Humboldt Fellow, Competence Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
€ €
(CliMA), University of Kassel, and the Leibniz-Institut fur Agrartechnik und Biookonomie (ATB),
Potsdam, Germany
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformation
aboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyright
ClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/
permissions.
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher
(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour
understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome
necessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand
usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformation
ormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey
haveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany
liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence
orotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe
materialherein.
ISBN:978-0-323-90051-5
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:CandiceJanco
AcquisitionsEditor:GabrielaCapille
EditorialProjectManager:SaraValentino
ProductionProjectManager:PaulPrasadChandramohan
CoverDesigner:VickyPearsonEsser
TypesetbySTRAIVE,India
Dedication
Vuso
I dedicate this book to my beloved son Vusumuzi Nkosilathi Gwenzi
Isa
and my beloved daughter Isabella Sibongile Gwenzi.
Please take note and follow the advice:
(1) Every idea, no matter how seemingly small or trivial it may appear at first,
should be immortalized by writing it down.
(2) Don’t just consume or read books, but create content by writing your
own books.
This book does just that, and is dedicated to you!
Dad
Willis Gwenzi
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Contributors xv 2. Emerging contaminants in the
Editorbiography xvii terrestrial-aquatic-atmosphere
Preface xix continuum: A global perspective
Acknowledgements xxi
WillisGwenzi,ArtwellKanda,EdgarMuhoyi,
andTamukaJ.Mukura
1. Introduction 17
Section A
2. Emergingcontaminants 18
Introduction to emerging 2.1 Natureandsources 18
2.2 Environmentaloccurrenceand
contaminants
circulation 18
3. Emergingcontaminants:Aglobal
1. Emerging contaminants: A handful
perspective 19
of conceptual and organizing
3.1 Globalindustrialproductionand
frameworks
trade 19
WillisGwenzi 3.2 Alifecycleperspectiveonemerging
contaminants 20
1. Introduction 3 3.3 Regulatory,institutional,andpolicy
2. Nature,industrialapplications,and frameworks 20
sourcesofemergingcontaminants 5
3.4 Emergingcontaminantsasaglobal
2.1 Emergingcontaminants 5
healthconcern 21
2.2 Novelentities/technologies 6
4. Futureperspectivesandoutlook 22
3. Conceptualandorganizing
4.1 Recommendations 22
frameworks 7
4.2 Researchneeds 22
3.1 Theterrestrial-aquatic-atmosphere 5. Conclusions 22
continuum 7 References 23
3.2 TheSPRI/CMframework 8
3.3 Eco-hierarchicalorecosystem
cascadeframework 8 Section B
3.4 Thehumanfactoror
Emerging contaminants in
dimension 9
terrestrial systems
3.5 Theconceptofenvironmentally
relevantconditions 10
3.6 Emergingcontaminantsandtheir 3. High-technology rare earth
healthrisksintheCOVID-19era 11 elements in the soil-plant system:
4. Conceptualframeworksastools Occurrence, behaviour, and fate
forframingandorganizingthe
NyaraiM.MupatsiandWillisGwenzi
book 12
5. Concludingremarks 1. Introduction 29
andoutlook 13 2. Industrialapplicationsand
References 13 anthropogenicsources 30
vii
viii Contents
Section C
2.1 Industrialapplications 30
2.2 Naturalandanthropogenicsourcesof Emerging contaminants in aquatic
rareearthelementsinsoils 31
systems
2.3 Anthropogenicsources 31
3. OccurrenceofREEsinthesoil-plant
5. Occurrence and behaviour of
system 32
emerging organic contaminants in
3.1 Soilmatrixandporewater 32
aquatic systems
3.2 Soilorganisms 37
3.3 Plantsandcrops 37
WillisGwenzi,NhamoChaukura,
4. Biogeochemicalcontrolsandfate NorahMuisa-Zikali,KumbiraiMusiyiwa,
ofREEs 39 andCharlesTeta
4.1 Biogeochemicalcontrols 40
1. Introduction 67
4.2 Soil-root-microbialinteractions 41
2. Emergingorganiccontaminants 68
5. Futuredirectionsandperspectives 41
2.1 Natureandanthropogenic
5.1 Increasingtheresearchfootprintof
sources 68
low-incomecountriesinREEs 41
2.2 Overviewofemerging
5.2 InteractiveeffectsofREEsandother
contaminants 70
essentialplantelements 42
2.3 Emergingcontaminantsdetectedin
5.3 Broadeningthescopeofsoil
Africanaquaticsystems 74
organismsandREEs 42
3. Behaviour,fate,andhumanhealth
5.4 Biotransformationinsoiltrophic
risks 75
system 42
3.1 Behaviourandfate 75
5.5 REEsbehaviourandfateinvarious
3.2 Humanexposureandhealthrisks 75
soils 42
4. Removalofemergingcontaminants:
6. Conclusionsandoutlook 42
Opportunitiesandchallenges 77
References 43
4.1 Commonlyusedmethods 77
4.2 Advancedoxidationprocesses 78
4. (Micro)plastics in the soil system: 4.3 Emergingtechniques 78
Occurrence, behaviour, fate, and 4.4 Economicconsiderations 79
5. Knowledgegapsandfutureresearch 79
future directions
6. Conclusionsandoutlook 80
WillisGwenzi,MunyaradziMtisi,and Authorcontributions 80
NhamoChaukura References 81
1. Introduction 47
6. Anthropogenicrareearthelements
2. Natureandsourcesof(micro)plastics 49
in aquatic environments:
3. Occurrenceof(micro)plasticsinthesoil
system 50 Occurrence, behaviour, and fate
3.1 Soils 50
TerrenceWengaandWillisGwenzi
3.2 Soilorganisms 54
3.3 Microplasticsinplants 54 1. Introduction 87
4. Behaviourandfateprocesses 54 2. Sourcesandoccurrence 88
4.1 Disseminationpathways 54 2.1 Overviewofindustrial
4.2 Behaviour 56 applications 88
4.3 Fateprocesses 57 2.2 Occurrenceinaquaticsystems 89
5. Futureresearchdirectionsand 3. Behaviourandfateinaquatic
perspectives 57 systems 92
5.1 Microplasticpollution:Aperspective 3.1 Dissemination/transferprocesses 92
onlow-incomeversusdeveloped 3.2 Biogeochemicalbehaviourand
countries 57 fate 93
5.2 Futureresearchdirections 58 3.3 Behaviourandfateinwastewaterand
6. Conclusionsandoutlook 60 watertreatmentsystems 94
Acknowledgments 60 4. Futureperspectivesandknowledge
Creditauthorcontribution 60 gaps 96
Declarationofconflictofinterest 60 5. Conclusionsandoutlook 98
References 60 References 98
Contents ix
7. (Micro)plastics in aquatic systems: 2.1 Natureofantimicrobial
Current research focal areas, resistance 122
under-studiedmatrices,andfuture 2.2 Hotspotsourcesandreservoirs 123
directions 2.3 Occurrenceinaquaticsystems 123
3. Behaviourandfateofantimicrobial
WillisGwenziandTinozivaT.Simbanegavi resistanceinaquaticsystems 124
3.1 Abioticfactors 124
1. Introduction 103
3.2 Bioticfactors 126
2. (Micro)plasticsinaquaticsystems 110
3.3 Antibioticresistanceinaquatic
2.1 Asummaryoftheevidence 110
sediments 127
2.2 Currentfocalresearchareas 111
4. Removalofantibioticresistancein
2.3 Rationalefortheresearchtrends 112
wastewatertreatmentsystems 128
2.4 (Micro)plasticresearchandthe
4.1 ChlorinationandUVirradiation 128
‘Matthew’orbandwagoneffect 113
4.2 Advancedprocesses 129
3. Futureresearchdirections:Ten(10)key
4.3 Low-costmethodsusedindeveloping
knowledgegapson(micro)plasticsin
countries 129
aquaticsystems 114
5. Futureperspectivesandconclusions 130
3.1 (Micro)plasticsindeepmarine
5.1 Knowledgegaps 130
systems 114
5.2 Conclusionsandoutlook 130
3.2 Stratification/depthvariationof
Authorcontributions 130
(micro)plasticsinaquatic
References 130
systems 114
3.3 Standardizationofresearch
protocols 114
3.4 Wideningthebioassayorganisms/ Section D
species 114
Emerging contaminants in
3.5 Trophictransferandhealthrisksin
atmospheric systems
aquaticsystems 115
3.6 COVID-19inducedoccurrenceand
9. Air-borne emerging contaminants:
ecologicalimpactsof(micro)
plastics 115 An under-studied reservoir and a
3.7 Impactsofregulatoryandpolicy potential health risk?
interventions 115
WillisGwenzi
3.8 Comparativebehaviourandfateof
various(micro)plastics 115 1. Introduction 139
3.9 (Micro)plasticemissionfactorsand 2. Air-borneemergingcontaminants 140
loadsatnational,regional,and 2.1 Whyareair-borneemerging
globalscales 116 contaminantsrelativelyunder-
3.10 Researchneedsinlow-income studied? 140
regions 116 2.2 Themechanismsor(bio)physics
4. Conclusionsandoutlook 117 ofair-borneemerging
References 117 contaminants 140
3. Occurrenceofair-borneemerging
8. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and contaminants 141
antibiotic resistance genes in 3.1 Microplastics 141
aquatic systems: Occurrence, 3.2 Antimicrobialresistance 143
behaviour, and fate 3.3 Emergingsyntheticorganic
contaminants 144
WillisGwenzi,KumbiraiMusiyiwa, 3.4 High-technologyrareearth
LyndaMangori,NhamoChaukura,and
elements 144
AkebeLutherKingAbia
3.5 Summaryandimplications 145
1. Introduction 121 4. Futureresearchdirections 145
2. Occurrenceofantimicrobialresistancein 5. Conclusionsandoutlook 147
aquaticsystems 122 References 148
