Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Municipal Waste: Removal Technologies

290 Pages·2008·4.031 MB·English

by  G. Buttiglieri, T. P. Knepper (auth.), Damià Barceló, Mira Petrovic (eds.)

The Handbook
of Environmental Chemistry
Editors-in-Chief: O.Hutzinger·D.Barceló·A.Kostianoy
Volume5 Water Pollution
PartS/2
AdvisoryBoard:
D.Barceló·P.Fabian·H.Fiedler·H.Frank·J.P.Giesy·R.A.Hites
M.A.K.Khalil·D.Mackay·A.H.Neilson·J.Paasivirta·H.Parlar
S.H.Safe·P.J.Wangersky
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry
RecentlyPublishedandForthcoming Volumes
EnvironmentalSpecimenBanking Estuaries
VolumeEditors:S.A.WiseandP.P.R.Becker VolumeEditor:P.J.Wangersky
Vol.3/S,2009 Vol.5/H,2006
Polymers:ChancesandRisks TheCaspianSeaEnvironment
VolumeEditors:P.Eyerer,M.Weller VolumeEditors:A.KostianoyandA.Kosarev
andC.Hübner Vol.5/P,2005
Vol.3/V,2009
MarineOrganicMatter:Biomarkers,
TheBlackSeaEnvironment IsotopesandDNA
VolumeEditors:A.KostianoyandA.Kosarev VolumeEditor:J.K.Volkman
Vol.5/Q,2008 Vol.2/N,2005
EmergingContaminantsfromIndustrialand EnvironmentalPhotochemistryPartII
MunicipalWaste VolumeEditors:P.Boule,D.Bahnemann
RemovalTechnologies andP.Robertson
VolumeEditors:D.BarcelóandM.Petrovic Vol.2/M,2005
Vol.5/S/2,2008
AirQualityinAirplaneCabins
EmergingContaminantsfromIndustrialand andSimilarEnclosedSpaces
MunicipalWaste VolumeEditor:M.B.Hocking
Occurrence,AnalysisandEffects Vol.4/H,2005
VolumeEditors:D.BarcelóandM.Petrovic
Vol.5/S/1,2008 EnvironmentalEffects
ofMarineFinfishAquaculture
FuelOxygenates VolumeEditor:B.T.Hargrave
VolumeEditor:D.Barceló Vol.5/M,2005
Vol.5/R,2007
TheMediterraneanSea
TheRhine VolumeEditor:A.Saliot
VolumeEditor:T.P.Knepper Vol.5/K,2005
Vol.5/L,2006
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentofRecycled
PersistentOrganicPollutants WastesonSurfaceandGroundWaters
intheGreatLakes EngineeringModelingandSustainability
VolumeEditor:R.A.Hites VolumeEditor:T.A.Kassim
Vol.5/N,2006 Vol.5/F(3Vols.),2005
AntifoulingPaintBiocides OxidantsandAntioxidantDefenseSystems
VolumeEditor:I.Konstantinou VolumeEditor:T.Grune
Vol.5/O,2006 Vol.2/O,2005
Emerging Contaminants
from Industrial and Municipal Waste
RemovalTechnologies
Volume Editors: Damià Barceló · Mira Petrovic
Withcontributionsby
A.Agüera·D.Barceló·J.M.Bayona·G.Buttiglieri·M.S.Díaz-Cruz
A.R.Fernández-Alba·E.García-Calvo·M.D.Hernando
P.Jovanˇci´c·T.P.Knepper·K.Koˇsuti´c·B.Kunst
P.Letón·S.Malato·V.Matamoros·M.Matoˇsi´c·M.Mezcua
I.Mijatovi´c·J.A.Perdigón-Melón·M.Petrovi´c·M.Radeti´c
J.Radjenovi´c·A.Rodríguez·R.Rosal
123
Environmentalchemistryisaratheryoungandinterdisciplinaryfieldofscience.Itsaimisacomplete
descriptionoftheenvironmentandoftransformationsoccurringonalocalorglobalscale.Environ-
mentalchemistryalsogivesanaccountoftheimpactofman’sactivitiesonthenaturalenvironmentby
describingobservedchanges.
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryprovidesthecompilationoftoday’sknowledge.Contribu-
tionsarewrittenbyleadingexpertswithpracticalexperienceintheirfields.TheHandbookwillgrow
withtheincreaseinourscientificunderstandingandshouldprovideavaluablesourcenotonlyfor
scientists,butalsoforenvironmentalmanagersanddecision-makers.
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryispublishedinaseriesoffivevolumes:
Volume1:TheNaturalEnvironmentandtheBiogeochemicalCycles
Volume2:ReactionsandProcesses
Volume3:AnthropogenicCompounds
Volume4:AirPollution
Volume5:WaterPollution
TheseriesVolume1TheNaturalEnvironmentandtheBiogeochemicalCyclesdescribesthenatural
environmentandgivesanaccountoftheglobalcyclesforelementsandclassesofnaturalcompounds.
TheseriesVolume2ReactionsandProcessesisanaccountofphysicaltransport,andchemicaland
biologicaltransformationsofchemicalsintheenvironment.
The series Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds describes synthetic compounds, and compound
classesaswellaselementsandnaturallyoccurringchemicalentitieswhicharemobilizedbyman’s
activities.
TheseriesVolume4AirPollutionandVolume5WaterPollutiondealwiththedescriptionofcivilization’s
effectsontheatmosphereandhydrosphere.
Withintheindividualseriesarticlesdonotappearinapredeterminedsequence.Instead,weinvite
contributorsasourknowledgematuresenoughtowarrantahandbookarticle.
SuggestionsfornewtopicsfromthescientificcommunitytomembersoftheAdvisoryBoardortothe
Publisherareverywelcome.
ISBN978-3-540-79209-3 e-ISBN978-3-540-79210-9
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-79210-9
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryISSN1433-6863
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008937808
(cid:1)c 2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial
isconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad-
casting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationof
thispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLaw
ofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom
Springer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, thatsuchnamesareexempt fromthe relevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg
TypesettingandProduction:le-texpublishingservicesoHG,Leipzig
Printedonacid-freepaper
9876543210
springer.com
Editors-in-Chief
Prof.em.Dr.OttoHutzinger Prof.AndreyKostianoy
UniversitätBayreuth P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology
c/oBadIschlOffice RussianAcademyofSciences
Grenzweg22 36,NakhimovskyPr.
5351Aigen-Vogelhub,Austria 117997Moscow,Russia
[email protected] [email protected]
Prof.Dr.DamiàBarceló
Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry
IIQAB–CSIC
JordiGirona,18–26
08034Barcelona,Spain
[email protected]
VolumeEditors
Prof.Dr.DamiàBarceló MiraPetrovic
Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry
IIQAB–CSIC IIQAB–CSIC
JordiGirona,18–26 JordiGirona,18–26
08034Barcelona,Spain 08034Barcelona,Spain
[email protected] [email protected]
AdvisoryBoard
Prof.Dr.D.Barceló Prof.Dr.H.Frank
Dept.ofEnvironmentalChemistry LehrstuhlfürUmwelttechnik
IIQAB–CSIC undÖkotoxikologie
JordiGirona,18–26 UniversitätBayreuth
08034Barcelona,Spain Postfach101251
[email protected] 95440Bayreuth,Germany
Prof.Dr.P.Fabian Prof.Dr.J.P.Giesy
LehrstuhlfürBioklimatologie DepartmentofZoology
undImmissionsforschung MichiganStateUniversity
derUniversitätMünchen EastLansing,MI48824-1115,USA
Hohenbachernstraße22 [email protected]
85354Freising-Weihenstephan,Germany
Prof.Dr.R.A.Hites
Dr.H.Fiedler
IndianaUniversity
ScientificAffairsOffice SchoolofPublic
UNEPChemicals andEnvironmentalAffairs
11–13,chemindesAnémones Bloomington,IN47405,USA
1219Châteleine(GE),Switzerland [email protected]
hfi[email protected]
VI
Prof.Dr.M.A.K.Khalil Prof.Dr.Dr.H.Parlar
DepartmentofPhysics InstitutfürLebensmitteltechnologie
PortlandStateUniversity undAnalytischeChemie
ScienceBuildingII,Room410 TechnischeUniversitätMünchen
P.O.Box751 85350Freising-Weihenstephan,Germany
Portland,OR97207-0751,USA
[email protected] Prof.Dr.S.H.Safe
DepartmentofVeterinary
Prof.Dr.D.Mackay
PhysiologyandPharmacology
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine
andAppliedChemistry TexasA&MUniversity
UniversityofToronto CollegeStation,TX77843-4466,USA
Toronto,ON,M5S1A4,Canada [email protected]
Prof.Dr.A.H.Neilson Prof.P.J.Wangersky
SwedishEnvironmentalResearchInstitute UniversityofVictoria
P.O.Box21060 CentreforEarthandOceanResearch
10031Stockholm,Sweden P.O.Box1700
[email protected] Victoria,BC,V8W3P6,Canada
[email protected]
Prof.Dr.J.Paasivirta
DepartmentofChemistry
UniversityofJyväskylä
Survontie9
P.O.Box35
40351Jyväskylä,Finland
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry
AlsoAvailableElectronically
ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertoTheHandbookofEnvironmen-
talChemistry,weoffertheelectronicversionviaSpringerLinkfreeofcharge.
Pleasecontactyourlibrarianwhocanreceiveapasswordorfreeaccesstothe
fullarticlesbyregisteringat:
springerlink.com
Ifyoudonothaveasubscription,youcanstillviewthetablesofcontentsofthe
volumesandtheabstractofeacharticlebygoingtotheSpringerLinkHome-
page,clickingon“BrowsebyOnlineLibraries”,then“ChemicalSciences”,and
finallychooseTheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry.
Youwillfindinformationaboutthe
– EditorialBoard
– AimsandScope
– InstructionsforAuthors
– SampleContribution
atspringer.comusingthesearchfunction.
Color figures are published in full color within the electronic version on
SpringerLink.
Preface
Thisbookon“EmergingContaminantsfromIndustrialandMunicipalWaste”
is based on the scientific developments and results achieved within the Eu-
ropeanUnion(EU)-funded projectEMCO(reductionofenvironmentalrisks
posed by emerging contaminants, through advanced treatment of munici-
pal and industrial wastes). One of the key elements of the EMCO project
wastoprovidesupport tothevariousWesternBalkanscountriesinvolvedin
theprojectasregardstheimplementation oftheWater FrameworkDirective
(WFD)(2000/60/EC). Aregionalnetwork,asproposedbytheEMCOproject,
aiming to ensure the comparability (and reliability) of measurement data
obtained by screening methodologies for water quality management, would
supporttheEUWaterInitiative,whichaimstopromoteco-operationbetween
countriesinordertobettermanagetheirwaterresources.
TheEMCOprojectaddressedbasicallytwodirectives:Directive91/271/EEC
to reduce the pollution in Community surface waters caused by municipal
wasteandtheIPPCDirective(Directive96/61/EC).ThisDirectiveexpandsthe
rangeofpollutantsthatshouldbemonitoredinindustrialeffluentdischarges
like those from the paper and pulp industry, refineries, textiles and many
other sectors. The EMCOproject has devoted itsattention tothewastewater
treatmenttechnologies,especiallyintheWesternBalkancountries.Itisobvious
that building up and improving wastewater treatment plant performance in
thepublicandprivatesectorswillavoiddirectpollutionofreceivingwatersby
urbanandindustrialactivities.
The book is divided into two volumes: Vol. I—Occurrence, Analysis and
Effects,andVol.II—RemovalTechnologies.
Volume I is structured in several chapters covering advanced chemical
analyticalmethods,theoccurrenceofemergingcontaminantsinwastewaters,
environmentaltoxicologyandenvironmentalriskassessment.Advancedmon-
itoringanalyticalmethodsforemergingcontaminantscovertheuseofliquid
chromatographycombinedwithtandemmassspectrometricdetectionorhy-
bridmassspectrometric techniques. Itiscertainly knownthatwithoutthese
advancedmassspectrometrictoolsitwouldnotbepossibletoinvestigatethe
fateandbehaviourofemergingpollutantsatthewastewatertreatmentplants
and receiving waters at the nanogram per litre level. Ecotoxicology is also
a very relevant aspect that should be taken into consideration for emerging
X Preface
contaminants,anditisalsocoveredinthisbook.Riskassessmentmethodolo-
gieswillallowustocriticallyestablishthegoodperformanceofanappropriate
wastewater treatment technology for the removal of urban, agricultural and
industrialwastewaters.
Volume IIcovers different treatment optionsforthe removal ofemerging
contaminants and includes membrane bioreactors (MBR), ozonization and
photocatalysis, and advanced sorbent materials together with more conven-
tional natural systems, such as artificial recharge and constructed wetlands.
TheMBRisanemergingtechnologybasedontheuseofmembranesincom-
binationwithtraditionalbiologicaltreatment.Itisconsideredasapromising
technologyabletoachievemoreefficientremovalofmicro-pollutantsincom-
parisontoconventionalwastewatertreatmentplants.Otherexamplesreported
inthebookareadvancesinnanomaterials,alsoanemergingfieldinwastewa-
tertreatment,whichareprovidinggreatopportunitiesinthedevelopment of
moreeffectivewastewatertreatmenttechnologies.
Overall,thisbookiscertainlytimelysincetheinterestinemergingcontami-
nantsandwastewatertreatmenthasbeengrowingconsiderablyduringthelast
fewyears, relatedtotheavailability ofnoveltreatment optionstogetherwith
theadvancedandhighlysensitiveanalyticaltechniques.Thisbookcanalsobe
considered,inaway,thefollow-upoftwopreviousbooksinthisseriesentitled
Emerging Organic Pollutants in Waste Waters and Sludge, Vols. 1 and 2 (5 1
and50),publishedin2004and2005. Thepresentbookiscomplementaryto
thesevolumessinceheremuchmoreattentionhasbeendevotedtowastewater
treatmentsystems,whichareakeypartofthisbook.
Thebookwillbeofinteresttoabroadaudienceofanalyticalchemists,envi-
ronmentalchemists,watermanagementoperatorsandtechnologistsworking
in the field of wastewater treatment, or newcomers who want to learn more
aboutthetopic.Finally,wewouldliketothankallthecontributingauthorsof
thisbookfortheirtimeandeffortinpreparingthiscomprehensivecompilation
ofresearchpapers.
Barcelona,September2008 D.Barceló
M.Petrovic
Contents
RemovalofEmergingContaminantsinWastewaterTreatment:
ConventionalActivatedSludgeTreatment
G.Buttiglieri·T.P.Knepper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MembraneBioreactor(MBR)
asanAdvancedWastewaterTreatmentTechnology
J.Radjenovi´c·M.Matoˇsi´c·I.Mijatovi´c·M.Petrovi´c·D.Barceló . . . . 37
RemovalofEmergingContaminantsinWaterTreatment
byNanofiltrationandReverseOsmosis
B.Kunst·K.Koˇsuti´c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Ozone-BasedTechnologiesinWaterandWastewaterTreatment
A.Rodríguez·R.Rosal·J.A.Perdigón-Melón·M.Mezcua
A.Agüera·M.D.Hernando·P.Letón·A.R.Fernández-Alba
E.García-Calvo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
RemovalofEmergingContaminantsinWaste-waterTreatment:
RemovalbyPhoto-catalyticProcesses
S.Malato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
BehaviorofEmergingPollutantsinConstructedWetlands
V.Matamoros·J.M.Bayona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
InputofPharmaceuticals,PesticidesandIndustrialChemicals
asaConsequenceofUsingConventionalandNon-conventional
SourcesofWaterforArtificialGroundwaterRecharge
M.S.Díaz-Cruz·D.Barceló . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
AdvancedSorbentMaterialsforTreatmentofWastewaters
P.Jovanˇci´c·M.Radeti´c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
ConclusionsandFutureResearchNeeds
D.Barceló·M.Petrovic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265