Emerging Carbon Materials for Catalysis

435 Pages·2021·25.171 MB·English

by  Samahe Sadjadi

EMERGING
CARBON
MATERIALS FOR
CATALYSIS
EMERGING
CARBON
MATERIALS FOR
CATALYSIS
Edited by
SAMAHE SADJADI
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN:978-0-12-817561-3
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:SusanDennis
AcquisitionsEditor:EmilyM.McCloskey
EditorialProjectManager:BillieJeanFernandez
ProductionProjectManager:JoyChristelNeumarin
HonestThangiah
CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert
TypesetbySPiGlobal,India
Dedication
Tomyfather,wholovedmeunconditionally;thankstohimforsupporting
meashecouldreadmywordsinmysilenceandguidedmebyallthemeans
at his disposal.
Contributors
K.S.Adarsh
ElectroplatingMetalFinishingandTechnologyDivision,CSIR-CentralElectrochemical
ResearchInstitute,Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
FranciscoAlcaideMonterrubio
CIDETEC,Donostia-SanSebastia´n,Spain
C.Alegre
InstitutodeCarboqu´ımica,CSIC,Zaragoza,Spain
M.Bernardo
LAQV/REQUIMTE,DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScienceandTechnology,
NOVAUniversityofLisbon,Caparica,Portugal
NaveenChandrasekaran
ElectroplatingMetalFinishingandTechnologyDivision,CSIR-CentralElectrochemical
ResearchInstitute,Karaikudi,TamilNadu,India
CatherineCollett
DepartmentofChemical&BiologicalEngineering,UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,
UnitedKingdom
GarethDavies
DepartmentofChemical&BiologicalEngineering,UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,
UnitedKingdom
C.Dura´n-Valle
DepartmentofOrganicandInorganicChemistry,UniversityofExtremadura,Badajoz,Spain
AhmedElSheikh
DepartmentofChemical&BiologicalEngineering,UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,
UnitedKingdom
I.Fonseca
LAQV/REQUIMTE,DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScienceandTechnology,
NOVAUniversityofLisbon,Caparica,Portugal
Jos(cid:1)eM.Fraile
FacultyofSciences,InstituteofChemicalSynthesisandHomogeneousCatalysis(ISQCH),
CSIC-UniversityofZaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
JunkuoGao
InstituteofFiberBasedNewEnergyMaterials,SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,
ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity,Hangzhou,China
GonzaloGarc´ıa
DepartmentofChemistry,InstituteofMaterialsandNanotechnology,UniversityofLa
Laguna,LaLaguna,Tenerife,Spain
xi
xii Contributors
EnriqueGarc´ıa-Bordej(cid:1)e
InstituteofCarbochemistry(ICB-CSIC),Zaragoza,Spain
GunniyaHariyanandamGunasekar
CleanEnergyResearchCentre,KoreaInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Cheongryang,
Seoul,RepublicofKorea
BabakKarimi
DepartmentofChemistry,InstituteforAdvancedStudiesinBasicSciences(IASBS),
Zanjan,Iran
M.J.La´zaro
InstitutodeCarboqu´ımica,CSIC,Zaragoza,Spain
I.Matos
LAQV/REQUIMTE,DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScienceandTechnology,
NOVAUniversityofLisbon,Caparica,Portugal
E.P(cid:1)erezMayoral
DepartmentofInorganicChemistryandTechnicalChemistry,FacultyofScience,National
UniversityofDistanceEducation,UNED,Madrid,Spain
JamesMcGregor
DepartmentofChemical&BiologicalEngineering,UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,
UnitedKingdom
ElenaPastor
DepartmentofChemistry,InstituteofMaterialsandNanotechnology,UniversityofLa
Laguna,LaLaguna,Tenerife,Spain
S.P(cid:1)erez-Rodr´ıguez
InstitutodeCarboqu´ımica,CSIC,Zaragoza,Spain
ElisabetPires
FacultyofSciences,InstituteofChemicalSynthesisandHomogeneousCatalysis(ISQCH),
CSIC-UniversityofZaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
SamaheSadjadi
GasConversionDepartment,FacultyofPetrochemicals,IranPolymerandPetrochemical
Institute,Tehran,Iran
SodehSadjadi
NuclearScienceandTechnologyResearchInstitute,Tehran,Iran
D.Sebastia´n
InstitutodeCarboqu´ımica,CSIC,Zaragoza,Spain
YuhangWu
InstituteofOptoelectronicMaterialsandDevices,ChinaJiliangUniversity,Hangzhou,
People’sRepublicofChina;InstituteofFiberBasedNewEnergyMaterials,Schoolof
MaterialsScienceandEngineering,ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity,Hangzhou,China
Contributors xiii
HuiXu
InstituteofOptoelectronicMaterialsandDevices,ChinaJiliangUniversity,Hangzhou,
People’sRepublicofChina
IbrahimYakub
DepartmentofChemical&BiologicalEngineering,UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,
UnitedKingdom
SunghoYoon
DepartmentofChemistry,Chung-AngUniversity,Dongjak-gu,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
Acknowledgment
“The support of Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute is appreciated.”
xv
CHAPTER 1
New aspects of covalent triazine
frameworks in heterogeneous
catalysis
Gunniya Hariyanandam Gunasekara and Sungho Yoonb
aCleanEnergyResearchCentre,KoreaInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Cheongryang,
Seoul,RepublicofKorea
bDepartmentofChemistry,Chung-AngUniversity,Dongjak-gu,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
1 Introduction
The continuous environmental and economic challenges in the world
strongly impulse the chemical industries to develop simple and more effi-
cientchemicalprocessesthatutilizeenvironmentallybenigncatalysts,reac-
tants, solvents, and minimum energy inputs to produce selective products
with almost no or minimal wastes. To date, most industrial chemical con-
versions(>90%)usecatalystsatleastinasinglesteptospeedupthereaction
rate[1,2],andhenceoneofthemostpromisingstrategywouldbedevelop-
ing economically simple and environmentally friendly active catalytic sys-
tems for various transformations with utmost (100%) selectivity and
durability at minimum energy inputs. This, on the other side, currently
drives the research on catalysis across chemistry and chemical engineering.
To date, industries mainly use “classic” heterogeneous catalysts for the
chemical conversions [3–6], owing to their robust nature, easy catalyst
separation,recovery,regenerationandreuse,andtheirfacilepracticalappli-
cability in continuous operating equipment systems. However, these cata-
lysts usually show lower catalytic efficiency and selectivity and usually
requireharshreactionconditionsincluding hightemperatureandpressure,
etc.Inaddition,thesecatalystsoftenhavemultipleactivesitesinthecatalytic
entity,andthus,developingcatalystdesignstrategiesforintroducingspecific
active sties with greater uniformity is generally difficult. Hence, numerous
trial-and-error experiments are historically required to produce highly
active and selective catalytic systems. Such experiments have been mainly
limited to altering the particle size of active metals, catalyst support and
its acidity/basicity, the use of promoters and alloy formation, etc. [7–9].
EmergingCarbonMaterialsforCatalysis ©2021ElsevierInc.
1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817561-3.00001-9 Allrightsreserved.
2 Emergingcarbonmaterialsforcatalysis
Therefore,thedesignanddevelopmentofsingle-sitewell-definedcatalysts
that enable rapid and selective transformation with easy separation of cata-
lyst/product is still a paramount challenge in the field of catalysis.
In this regard, heterogenized or immobilized catalysts are gaining
increasing attention across the scientific and technological society owing
to their conceptual viability of having high catalytic activity, selectivity,
finely distributed and well-defined active single-sites, and facile catalyst
handlingandseparation[9–15].Withthisinmind,substantialefforthasbeen
focused to immobilize homogeneous catalysts onto suitable solid supports
for procuring maximal activity and stability. There are four common
methods that are classified based on the interaction between the catalyst
and the solid scaffold for the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts
onto solid support materials: (1) covalent binding [16–20]; (2) electrostatic
interaction [21–23]; (3) adsorption [24,25]; and (4) encapsulation [26–29].
Among them, covalent bonding is the most frequently used method for
theimmobilizationofthehomogeneouscatalysts.Foralongtime,conven-
tionalsolidsupportssuchassilica,zeolite,alumina,polyethyleneglycoland
polystyrene,etc.wereappliedtoanchorhomogeneouscomplexes[30–34].
However,theinterestongraftingthecomplexesontheconventionalsolid
supportisgraduallyfadingowingtotheirlowstabilityandactivityandhigh
cost[35].Themainreasonfortheirlowstabilityistheundesirableinterac-
tion between the support scaffold and the catalyst active sites, caused fre-
quently by the use of linkers. Therefore, the viability of immobilized
catalysts in industrial catalytic transformations has been questioned [35].
Nevertheless, research on realizing this conceptually ideal catalyst is still
dynamic,especiallyowingtotherecentemergenceofthermallyandchem-
ically robust high-surface-area porous materials and novel methods for the
immobilization.
Forthepasttwodecades,high-surface-areaporoussolidpolymershave
beengainingsignificantinterestacrossdiverseresearchfieldsincludingcatal-
ysis,gascaptureandseparationtechnology,semiconductors,photochemis-
try, and biology [36,37]. These polymers are broadly classified into metal
organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous organic frameworks (POFs).
MOFsaregenerallycomposedofinorganicmetalionsorclustersasbuilding
units and organic functional groups as linkers, and they are connected via
coordination bonds [38–40]. POFs, on the other hand, are solely con-
structed from organic units connected via covalent bonds [41–44]. These
materialsusuallypossesssurfaceareaintherangefromafewhundredtosev-
eralthousandsm2g(cid:1)1,withuniformandtunableporesizesfrommicro-to