Table Of ContentMedical Radiology · Diagnostic Imaging
Series Editors: Hans-Ulrich Kauczor · Paul M. Parizel · Wilfred C. G. Peh
Mariano Scaglione
Cem Çalli
Mario Muto
Stefan Wirth Editors
Emergency
Radiology of the
Head and Spine
Medical Radiology
Diagnostic Imaging
Series Editors
Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
Paul M. Parizel
Wilfred C. G. Peh
The book series Medical Radiology – Diagnostic Imaging provides accurate
and up-to-date overviews about the latest advances in the rapidly evolving
field of diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology. Each volume is
conceived as a practical and clinically useful reference book and is developed
under the direction of an experienced editor, who is a world-renowned
specialist in the field. Book chapters are written by expert authors in the field
and are richly illustrated with high quality figures, tables and graphs. Editors
and authors are committed to provide detailed and coherent information in a
readily accessible and easy-to-understand format, directly applicable to daily
practice.
Medical Radiology – Diagnostic Imaging covers all organ systems and
addresses all modern imaging techniques and image-guided treatment
modalities, as well as hot topics in management, workflow, and quality and
safety issues in radiology and imaging. The judicious choice of relevant topics,
the careful selection of expert editors and authors, and the emphasis on
providing practically useful information, contribute to the wide appeal and
ongoing success of the series. The series is indexed in Scopus.
Mariano Scaglione • Cem Çalli
Mario Muto • Stefan Wirth
Editors
Emergency Radiology
of the Head and Spine
Editors
Mariano Scaglione Cem Çalli
Department of Medical, Surgical and Department of Radiology
Experimental Sciences Ege University Medical School
University of Sassari Izmir
Sassari Turkey
Italy
Stefan Wirth
Department of Radiology
Department of Radiology and Nuclear
Pineta Grande Hospital
Medicine
Castel Volturno
Schwarzwald-Baar Hospital
Italy
Villingen-Schwenningen
Department of Radiology Germany
James Cook University Hospital/
Teesside University
Middlesbrough
UK
Mario Muto
Neuroradiology Department
Cardarelli Hospital
Naples
Italy
ISSN 0942-5373 ISSN 2197-4187 (electronic)
Medical Radiology
ISSN 2731-4677 ISSN 2731-4685 (electronic)
Diagnostic Imaging
ISBN 978-3-030-91046-4 ISBN 978-3-030-91047-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91047-1
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Mariano Scaglione:
This book is dedicated to my sons Peter and Ruben and my love
Teresa!
Cem Çalli:
I dedicate my work to my beloved wife Basak and my lovely
daughters Ece and Cemre.
Mario Muto:
This book is dedicated to my wife Olga and my sons Alessandra
and Gianluca for their daily support to my work!
Preface
Emergency Radiology of the Head and Spine is a complex topic involving not
only specialists and experts in neuroscience but quite often involving radiolo-
gists in the front line in peripheral hospitals, without support by
neuro-specialists.
More and more MR units are going to be installed worldwide considering
the importance of this diagnostic technology not only for elected patients but
very often in emergency too.
This book, which is the last book of trilogy (Emergency Radiology of the
Abdomen, Emergency Radiology of the Chest and Cardiovascular System),
has the ambition to become the first-line support for all colleagues in neuro-
science departments and for those in peripheral hospitals needing suggestions
for diagnostic decisions, important to manage acute clinical condition and to
decide about the best treatment for our patients.
We want to thank all the co-authors for their support and book chapters
authors; they all did a fantastic work making this book a great support for our
daily work!
Sassari, IT Mariano Scaglione
Izmir, TR Cem Çalli
Naples, IT Mario Muto
Villingen-Schwenningen, DE Stefan Wirth
vii
Contents
Part I Brain: Traumatic Emergent Injuries (M. Muto,
IT – P Vilela, Portugal – S. Wirth, DE)
Imaging of Cranial and Facial Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mehmet Ruhi Onur, Ilkay Idilman, and Erhan Akpinar
Traumatic Haemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Leonora Schmidt, Andrea Irma Diettrich, Francesca Iacobellis,
and Stefan Wirth
Non-Accidental Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Caren Landes and Sparsh Prasher
Part II B rain: Non-traumatic Emergent Injuries
(C. Çalli, Turkey – R. Basilico, IT)
Acute Stroke: Parenchymal and Vessel Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Sevcan Türk, Raffaella Basilico, and Cem Çalli
Acute Stroke: Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Frédéric Clarençon, Eimad Shotar, Raphaël Le Bouc, Romain
Pasqualetto, Stéphanie Lenck, Kévin Premat, and Nader Sourour
Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Merve Gürsoy, Raffaella Basilico, and Cem Çalli
Emergent CNS Infections, Inflammations, and Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Ferdinando Caranci, Domenico Cicala, Fabio Tortora,
Federico Donnarumma, Pasquale Guerriero, Emiliano Barbieri,
and Luca Brunese
Toxic–Metabolic Encephalopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
H. Urbach and S. Weidauer
Herniation Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Merve Gürsoy and Cem Çalli
Basic Neuro-Interventional Spine Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Mario Muto, Giuseppe Leone, Roberto Izzo, Elisa Capone,
Adrian Kastler, Gianluigi Guarnieri, and Francesco Briganti
ix
x Contents
Part III S pine: Traumatic Emergent Injuries
(M. Scaglione, IT, J. Spraat & E. Dick, UK)
Introduction: Traumatic Spinal Cord and Spine Injury.
Stability and Instability Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Alfredo Bucciero
Traumatic Emergent Injuries: Cranio-Cervical Junction . . . . . . . . . 279
Antonia Sorbo, Filomena Pezzullo, Roberto Picascia, Alessandra
Perillo, Naail Alzuhir, Francesca Iacobellis, and Mariano Scaglione
Cervical Spine Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Gerd Schueller and Ulrich Linsenmaier
Thoraco-Lumbar Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
E. A. Dick, M. Naik, and R. Mobasheri
Part IV S pine: Non-traumatic Emergent Injuries
(J. Van Goethem, L. Van der Hauwe,
Belgium – M. Thurnher, Austria)
Spine: Non-traumatic Emergent Injuries. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Alfredo Bucciero
Emergent Degenerative and Disc Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Nuria Santamaria, Maria del Carmen Polidura, George Bunea,
and Jonathan Spratt
Vascular Injury of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Jasmina Boban and Majda M. Thurnher
Emergent Tumors and Infections of the Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Zulejha Merhemic, Martina Spero, Jasmina Boban, and Majda M.
Thurnher
Myelitis and Myelopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Paola Crivelli and Maurizio Conti
Spinal Post-operative Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Pia C. Sundgren and Johan W. M. Van Goethem
Basic Neuro-Interventional Therapeutic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Francesco Briganti, Giuseppe Leone, Giuseppe Buono, Sergio
Nappini, Nicola Limbucci, Dario Piccolo, Mariano Marseglia,
Ferdinando Caranci, and Mario Muto
Emergency Paediatric Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Hewitt Peter, Nanapragasam Andrew, Raghavan Ashok,
and Senasi Ramdas
Contents xi
Part V Emergencies of the Face and Neck
(E. Dick, UK, M. Scaglione, IT)
Neck Space Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Elizabeth L. Loney
Traumatic and Non-traumatic Head and Neck Infections . . . . . . . . . 495
Jane A. Topple and Kunwar S. S. Bhatia
