Table Of Contenti
Emergency Management of
Infectious Diseases
Second Edition
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Emergency Management of
Infectious Diseases
Second Edition
Edited by
Rachel L. Chin
Professor of Emergency Medicine
Department of Emergency Medicine
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center
San Francisco, CA
Bradley W. Frazee
Department of Emergency Medicine
Alameda Health System – Highland Hospital
Oakland, CA
Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
San Francisco, CA
Associate Editor
Zlatan Coralic
Assistant Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine
Emergency Medicine Clinical Pharmacist
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA
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www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107153158
DOI: 10.1017/9781316597095
© Cambridge University Press (2008) 2018
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First published: 2008
Second edition: 2018
Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc
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ISBN 978- 1- 107- 15315- 8 Hardback
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Every eff ort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up- to- date
information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication.
Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every eff ort has been made to disguise
the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers
can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not
least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation.
Th e authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential
damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly
advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or
equipment that they plan to use.
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Contents
Preface page ix
Contributors x i
1 Infective Endocarditis 1 17 Sinusitis 1 20
Jorge Fernandez and Jessica L. Osterman Aaron Kornblith
2 Pericarditis and Myocarditis 6 18 Supraglottitis (Epiglottis) 1 23
Jessica L. Osterman and Jorge Fernandez Aaron Kornblith
3 Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device 19 Parotitis 1 26
Infections 14 Nisa S. Atigapramoj
Jorge Fernandez and Nicholas Pokrajac
20 Pharyngitis and Peritonsillar Abscess 1 29
4 Altered Mental Status in HIV- Infected Patients 1 8 Bradley W. Frazee
Nisha Bhatia and Cheryl A. Jay
21 Deep Neck Space Infections 1 35
5 Botulism 2 6 Christopher Hahn and Bradley W. Frazee
David M. Stier and Mary P. Mercer
22 Dental and Odontogenic Infections 140
6 Fever and Focal Cerebral Dysfunction 33 Bradley W. Frazee
Serena S. Spudich and Leah T. Le
23 Infectious Biliary Diseases: Cholecystitis and
7 Infections Aff ecting the Spinal Cord 4 2 Cholangitis 146
Anh T. Nguyen and Debbie Yi Madhok Bryan Darger and Rachel L. Chin
8 Meningitis 5 0 24 Viral Hepatitis 1 55
Katherine C. Bonsell and Anita A. Koshy Kavita Radhakrishnan and Michele Tana
9 Rabies 6 4 25 Peritonitis 1 62
Fredrick M. Abrahamian and Jada L. Roe Tu Carol Nguyen and Mercedes Torres
10 Tetanus 69 26 Acute Infectious Diarrhea 1 69
Fredrick M. Abrahamian and Jada L. Roe Kimberly A. Schertzer and Gus M. Garmel
11 West Nile Encephalitis Virus 7 4 27 Diarrhea in HIV- Infected Patients 181
Michael S. Diamond Michael J. A. Reid and Phyllis C. Tien
12 Bacterial Skin and Soft- Tissue Infections 79 28 Clostridium Diffi cile Infection 188
Bradley W. Frazee Charles Hartis and Nicole Abolins
13 Ectoparasites 87 29 Male Genitourinary Infections 192
Jan Shoenberger, William Mallon, and R. James Salway Jonathan Schimmel and William D. Binder
14 Fever and Rash in Adults 9 8 30 Non-U lcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1 99
Catherine Marco, Janel Kittredge- Sterling, and Jaime Jordan
Rachel L. Chin
31 Ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2 08
15 Otitis Externa 1 14 Jaime Jordan and Joseph Engelman
Jeff rey Bullard- Berent
32 Vulvovaginitis 2 20
16 Otitis Media 1 17 Jaime Jordan
Jeff rey Bullard- Berent
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Contents
33 Adult Septic Arthritis 2 25 54 Pediatric Respiratory Infections 354
Robert Goodnough and Christopher Fee Ghazala Sharieff
34 Diabetic Foot Infections 228 55 Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections 366
Tamara John and Melinda Sharkey Jeff rey Bullard- Berent and Steven Bin
35 Hand Infections: Fight Bite, Purulent 56 Bites (Dogs, Cats, Rodents, Lagomorphs) 369
Tenosynovitis, Felon, and Paronychia 2 33 Hugh West and Sukhjit S. Takhar
Michael Kohn
57 Blood or Body Fluid Exposure Management
36 Open Fractures 239 and Post- Exposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B
Robert Goodnough and Melinda Sharkey and HIV 375
Roland C. Merchant
37 Osteomyelitis 2 42
Melinda Sharkey 58 Fever in Pregnancy 3 85
Dominika Seidman and Deborah Cohan
38 Plantar Puncture Wounds 2 46
Bradley W. Frazee 59 Postpartum and Post- Abortion Infections 406
Lisa Rahangdale and Amy G. Bryant
39 Prosthetic Joint Infections 250
Elisabeth Giblin and Scott C. Sherman 60 Fever in the Returning Traveler 4 12
Bradley W. Frazee and Eric Snoey
40 Spine Infections 253
Scott C. Sherman and Elena Strunk 61 Infectious Complications of Injection
Drug Use 430
41 Conjunctival and Corneal Infections 258
Bradley W. Frazee and Daniel Schnorr
Michelle Y. Peng and Saras Ramanathan
62 Infections in Oncology Patients 442
42 Periocular Infections 265
Allison Nazinitsky and Erik R. Dubberke
Kareem Moussa and Saras Ramanathan
63 Post- Operative Infections 453
43 Infections of the Uvea, Vitreous, and Retina 274
Robert Brown and Siamak Moayedi
Greg Bever and Saras Ramanathan
64 The Febrile Post- Transplant Patient 4 58
44 Community- Acquired Pneumonia 280
Justin Bosley and Aparajita Sohoni
Bradley W. Frazee, Christopher Fee, and Rachel L. Chin
65 Sepsis 467
45 HIV- Associated Respiratory Infections 288
David Th ompson
Rachel Greenblatt and Laurence Huang
66 Infections in Sickle Cell Disease 473
46 Infl uenza 2 99
Suzanne Lippert
Asim A. Jani and Timothy M. Uyeki
67 Anthrax 480
47 Tuberculosis 308
David M. Stier, Mary P. Mercer, and Rachel L. Chin
Robert Blount, Payam Nahid, and Adithya Cattamanchi
68 Plague 490
48 Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Adults 319
David M. Stier and Mary P. Mercer
Fredrick M. Abrahamian
69 Smallpox 4 98
49 Pyelonephritis in Adults 3 24
David M. Stier, Mary P. Mercer, and Rachel L. Chin
Fredrick M. Abrahamian
70 Tularemia 506
50 Fever in the Newborn 328
David M. Stier and Mary P. Mercer
Maureen McCollough
71 Hantavirus 5 14
51 The Febrile Child 3 34
Shruti Kant and Rachel L. Chin
Paul Ishimine
72 Ebola Virus Disease 521
52 Fever and Rash in the Pediatric Population 3 39
Edwin Dietrich, Bradley W. Frazee, and
Catherine Marco, Janel Kittredge- Sterling, and
Timothy M. Uyeki
Rachel L. Chin
73 Zika Virus 526
53 Pediatric Orthopedic Infections 3 48
Ashley Rider and Bradley W. Frazee
Cordelia W. Carter and Melinda S. Sharkey
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Contents
74 Zoonotic Infl uenza (Novel Infl uenza A, including 77 Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase 5 52
Avian and Swine Infl uenza A Virus Infections) 5 31 Colgan Sloan and Christopher J. Edwards
Timothy M. Uyeki
78 Antimicrobial Overview 5 56
75 Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Conan MacDougall and Camille Beauduy
(MRSA) 541
Tracy Trang and Bradley W. Frazee
76 Enterococci 5 48
Jill Logan and Megan Musselman Index 581
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Preface
Th e diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease represents a likely to be the fi rst to encounter victims of biological weap-
large and very important part of emergency medicine practice. ons. In this edition, we include chapters on recent emerging
Challenges faced by acute care practitioners on a daily basis infections such as Ebola and Zika, as well as rare but deadly
range from the defi nitive treatment and discharge of a patient infectious agents that can be weaponized, such as anthrax
with a simple abscess, to recognition of a rare infection in a and smallpox.
traveler, to resuscitation and stabilization of a patient with We hope that our textbook can be of use to every type of
septic shock. practitioner that cares for patients with infectious diseases,
In this second edition of E mergency Management of including emergency physicians, primary care physicians and
Infectious Diseases , we have endeavored to produce a prac- specialists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, residents,
tical, clinically oriented, systems- based overview of the most and medical students.
important infectious diseases encountered in emergency prac- We thank the many nationally and internationally
tice. Our textbook covers the gamut of common viral, bacterial, respected clinicians, educators, and researchers who con-
fungal, and parasitic infections. For each disease, we briefl y dis- tributed, and hope that this second edition of Emergency
cuss microbiology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology, but the Management of Infectious Diseases will prove an invaluable
emphasis is on emergent diagnosis and treatment. Th e narra- reference for practitioners confronting the spectrum of infec-
tive is supplemented with photographs and tables highlighting tious disease.
key diagnostic fi ndings and current antimicrobial recommen-
dations, including dosing. Bradley W. Frazee, MD
Acute care practitioners also act as sentinels for out- Rachel L. Chin, MD
breaks of communicable and emerging infections, and are Zlatan Coralic
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