Emergency Lighting Design Guide

72 Pages·2011·3.09 MB·English

by  J, David

Lighting Guide 12:
Emergency lighting design guide
222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS, UK
Tel: [phone]. Fax: [phone]. e-mail:
This document is based on the best knowledge available at the time of publication.
However, no responsibility of any kind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay
however caused resulting from the use of these recommendations can be accepted
by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, the Society of Light
and Lighting, the authors or others involved in its publication. In adopting these
recommendations for use each adopter by doing so agrees to accept full responsi-
bility for any personal injury, death, loss, damage or delay arising out of or in con-
nection with their use by or on behalf of such adopter irrespective of the cause or
reason therefore and agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers, the Society of Light and Lighting, the
authors and others involved in their publication from any and all liability arising
out of or in connection with such use as aforesaid and irrespective of any negli-
gence on the part of those indemnified.
Note from the publisher
This publication is primarily intended to give guidance. It is not intended to be
exhaustive or definitive, and it will be necessary for users of the guidance given to
exercise their own professional judgement when deciding whether to abide by or
depart from it.
The rights of publication or translation are reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the pub-
lisher.
© 2004 and 2006 The Society of Light and Lighting
Reprinted with corrections April 2006
The Society is part of CIBSE which is a registered charity, number 278104.
ISBN 1 903287 51 0
Typeset by the Society of Light and Lighting.
Printed in England by Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, Norwich NR6 6SA
Contents
Foreword 3
1 Introduction 7
2 Legislation and standards 7
2.1 Building Regulations 7
2.2 Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations: 1997 8
2.3 The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals)
Regulations 1996:SI 341 8
2.4 Regulations covering other areas 8
2.4.1 Safety lighting for Participants of sports events 8
2.4.2 Places of entertainment 8
2.4.3 Premises used as sleeping accommodation 8
2.4.4 Construction sites 9
2.4.5 Buildings with temporary occupation 9
2.4.6 Railways and railway premises 9
2.5 Standards 9
3 Lighting requirements 9
3.1 Specifications 9
3.1.1 Criteria 9
3.1.2 Glare 10
3.2 Safety signs 11
3.2.1 Requirements for safety signs 11
3.3 Positioning of luminaires 11
3.4 Requirements for escape lighting 12
3.4.1 Siting of luminaires 12
3.4.2 Escape route 12
3.4.3 Escape area 12
3.4.4 Fixed seated area 12
3.4.5 High risk task area 13
3.5 Standby lighting 13
4 Design objectives 14
4.1 Philosophy 14
4.2 Design approach 15
4.3 Detailed considerations 15
4.4 Integration with normal lighting luminaires 16
5 Design calculations 16
5.1 Basic data 16
5.1.1 Time-dependent factors 17
5.1.2 Service correction factors 17
5.1.3 Maintenance factors 17
5.2 Production of design data 18
5.2.1 Electronic data file formats 18
5.2.2 Illuminance curves 19
5.2.3 Isolux diagrams 19
5.2.4 Glare limit 20
5.2.5 Spacing tables 20
Contents (continued)
6 Equipment and systems 22
6.1 Systems 22
6.1.1 Self powered systems 22
6.1.2 Central powered systems 22
6.2 Power Sources 23
6.2.1 Batteries for self-contained systems 23
6.2.2 Batteries for central systems 23
6.2.3 Generators 24
6.3 System functions and circuits 24
6.3.1 Rest-mode circuit 24
6.3.2 Inhibiting circuits 24
6.3.3 Manual test devices 24
6.3.4 Automatic testing systems 24
6.4 Emergency luminaires 24
6.4.1 Self-contained luminaires 24
6.4.2 Slave luminaires 25
6.4.3 Luminaire classification system 25
6.5 Lamps for emergency luminaries 25
6.5.1 Filament lamps 25
6.5.2 Tungsten–halogen lamps 25
6.5.3 Fluorescent lamps (linear and compact) 26
6.5.4 High-pressure discharge lamps 26
6.5.5 Light-emitting diodes 26
6.6 Gas lighting 26
6.6.1 Design and construction of gas lighting equipment. 26
6.6.2 Performance 26
6.6.3 Installation 26
6.7 Other illumination sources and systems 27
6.7.1 Tritium-powered signs 27
6.7.2 Photo-luminescent signs 27
7 Scheme planning 27
7.1 Risk assessment and planning considerations 27
7.1.1 Risk assessment 27
7.1.2 Planning considerations 27
7.2 Schedule of recommendations for specific areas 29
7.3 Planning sequence 30
7.3.1 Procedure 30
7.3.2 Scheme worked examples 30
8 Electrical design 32
8.1 General 32
8.2 Luminaires 32
8.2.1 Modification units 32
8.3 Energy considerations 32
8.4 Self-contained emergency lighting 32
8.5 Centrally supplied slave luminaires 33
8.5.1 Segregation, protection and redundancy 33
8.5.2 EMC and circuit configuration 33
8.6 Building management systems, lighting controls and remote testing 34
8.7 Protection from transient over-voltages 34
8.8 Other emergency lighting systems 34
8.9 Warning labels 34
Contents (continued)
9 Installation, testing and maintenance 34
9.1 Installation 34
9.1.1 Gas lighting installation 34
9.2 Maintenance 34
9.2.1 Batteries 35
9.2.2 Luminaires 35
9.2.3 Other components 35
9.2.4 Service schedule 35
9.3 Routine inspection and testing 35
9.3.1 Self-testing and remote testing systems 35
9.3.2 Daily 35
9.3.3 Monthly 36
9.3.4 Annual 36
9.4 Records and documentation 36
9.4.1 Initial inspection certificate 36
9.4.2 Maintenance schedule 36
9.4.3 Logbook 36
10 Commissioning and certification 36
10.1 General 36
10.1.1 Self-contained systems 36
10.1.2 Central systems 36
10.1.3 Self-testing and remote testing systems 36
10.2 Photometric commissioning 36
10.2.1 Instruments 37
10.2.2 Measurement 37
10.3 Completion certificate 37
Annex 1: Emergency lighting completion certificate 38
A1.1 Emergency lighting completion certificate 38
A1.2 Design – Declaration of conformity 39
A1.3 Installation – Declaration of conformity 40
A1.4 Verification – Declaration of conformity 41
Annex 2: Examples of calculations 42
A2.1 Illuminance curves 42
A2.2 Checking glare limits 44
A2.3 Calculation of spacing tables 44
A2.3.1 Conditions for the table calculations 44
A2.3.2 Calculations 44
A2.3.3 Transverse to transverse 44
A2.3.4 Transverse to end 46
A2.3.5 Axial to axial 46
A2.3.6 Transverse to axial 46
A2.3.7 Long luminaires 47
References 50
Bibliography 51
Glossary 52
Index 55
Introduction/Legislation and standards 7
1 Introduction
When the normal mains lighting fails in areas without natu-
ral light, people are likely to become confused and may even
panic. This is the time when accidents are most likely to
occur and it is necessary to evacuate the premises, to move
people to a place of safety or to allow essential processes to
continue or be shut down. During this period, emergency
lighting is provided from a source independent of that sup-
plying the normal lighting. There are a number of specific
forms of emergency lighting, as shown in Figure 1.1.
European legislation (Directives) has been introduced
that requires escape routes and hazardous areas to be pro-
tected, to ensure the safety of people at these places at all
material times. These Directives are:
(1)
— Construction Products Directive: 89/106/EEC;
Figure 2.1 Relevant documents
(2)
— Workplace Directive: 89/654/EEC; and
(3)
— Signs Directive: 92/58/EEC.
These three European Directives have been implemented
into UK law and, for emergency lighting, these this has vide sufficient illumination to ensure that means of escape
been achieved through the Building Regulations: from a building can be used safely and effectively; activities,
(4)
Approved Document B, in England and Wales (The in particular those involving use of hazardous equipment,
(5)
Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations and associated can be terminated safely; and emergency actions can be car-
Technical Standards for Scotland and the Building ried out effectively at appropriate locations in the workplace.
(6)
Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 and Technical Crown immunity is removed except for defence and prison
Booklet E for Northern Ireland), the Fire Precautions establishments. Enforcement is effected by the Building
(7)
(Workplace) Regulations and the Health and Safety Control Officers and the Regulations apply to most new and
(8)
(Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations, respectively. refurbished non-domestic buildings, and to some common
parts of domestic dwellings.
The number of escape routes and exits to be provided
2 Legislation and
depends on:
(a) the number of occupants in the room;
standards
(b) its size;
2.1 Building Regulations (c) the height and number of levels of the building; and
(England and Wales) (d) the limits on travel distance to the nearest exit.
These are defined in Approved Document B and the Home
The Building Regulations 1991 Approved Document B 2002 Office’s guidance to fire precautions in existing places of
edition(4) states that emergency lighting is required to pro- work that require a fire certificate.(9) Escape routes may be
horizontal or vertical, inside or out-
Emergency side a building. Escape routes in
lighting factories are identified by markings
of ‘tram lines’. These must be kept
permanently unobstructed. No exit
doors may be locked without autho-
Escape Standby risation. To avoid occupants being
lighting lighting
trapped by fire or smoke, there
should be alternative escape routes
from all parts of the building.
Escape Open High-risk The UK has applied a class A
route area lighting
deviation to European standard EN
(10)
1838, reflected in BS 5266-7,
which allows the UK to continue to
Low-mounted apply its present requirements for
way-guidance escape routes that are permanently
system
Figure 1.1 Role of emergency lighting systems unobstructed. However, in BS
Introduction/Legislation and standards 7
1 Introduction
When the normal mains lighting fails in areas without natu-
ral light, people are likely to become confused and may even
panic. This is the time when accidents are most likely to
occur and it is necessary to evacuate the premises, to move
people to a place of safety or to allow essential processes to
continue or be shut down. During this period, emergency
lighting is provided from a source independent of that sup-
plying the normal lighting. There are a number of specific
forms of emergency lighting, as shown in Figure 1.1.
European legislation (Directives) has been introduced
that requires escape routes and hazardous areas to be pro-
tected, to ensure the safety of people at these places at all
material times. These Directives are:
(1)
— Construction Products Directive: 89/106/EEC;
Figure 2.1 Relevant documents
(2)
— Workplace Directive: 89/654/EEC; and
(3)
— Signs Directive: 92/58/EEC.
These three European Directives have been implemented
into UK law and, for emergency lighting, these this has vide sufficient illumination to ensure that means of escape
been achieved through the Building Regulations: from a building can be used safely and effectively; activities,
(4)
Approved Document B, in England and Wales (The in particular those involving use of hazardous equipment,
(5)
Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations and associated can be terminated safely; and emergency actions can be car-
Technical Standards for Scotland and the Building ried out effectively at appropriate locations in the workplace.
(6)
Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 and Technical Crown immunity is removed except for defence and prison
Booklet E for Northern Ireland), the Fire Precautions establishments. Enforcement is effected by the Building
(7)
(Workplace) Regulations and the Health and Safety Control Officers and the Regulations apply to most new and
(8)
(Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations, respectively. refurbished non-domestic buildings, and to some common
parts of domestic dwellings.
The number of escape routes and exits to be provided
2 Legislation and
depends on:
(a) the number of occupants in the room;
standards
(b) its size;
2.1 Building Regulations (c) the height and number of levels of the building; and
(England and Wales) (d) the limits on travel distance to the nearest exit.
These are defined in Approved Document B and the Home
The Building Regulations 1991 Approved Document B 2002 Office’s guidance to fire precautions in existing places of
edition(4) states that emergency lighting is required to pro- work that require a fire certificate.(9) Escape routes may be
horizontal or vertical, inside or out-
Emergency side a building. Escape routes in
lighting factories are identified by markings
of ‘tram lines’. These must be kept
permanently unobstructed. No exit
doors may be locked without autho-
Escape Standby risation. To avoid occupants being
lighting lighting
trapped by fire or smoke, there
should be alternative escape routes
from all parts of the building.
Escape Open High-risk The UK has applied a class A
route area lighting
deviation to European standard EN
(10)
1838, reflected in BS 5266-7,
which allows the UK to continue to
Low-mounted apply its present requirements for
way-guidance escape routes that are permanently
system
Figure 1.1 Role of emergency lighting systems unobstructed. However, in BS
8 Lighting Guide 12: Emergency lighting design guide
5266-7, the UK class A deviation allows for clearly defined user must nominate people to undertake any special roles,
and permanently unobstructed escape routes, up to 2 m consult its employees, inform other employers in its build-
wide, to have an illuminance of 0.2 lx on the centre line on ing, and establish a means of contacting the emergency
the floor of the route, but also states that these routes services. Employees are required to co-operate. All fire safe-
should preferably be illuminated to 1 lx. BS 5266-7 also ty measures/equipment must be tested and maintained and
specifies that escape lighting luminaires complying with any defects corrected as quickly as possible. If a fire certifi-
(11)
EN 60598-2-22 be sited at each exit door and at positions cate has been issued recently, a risk assessment is still
where it is necessary to emphasise potential points of dan- required but it is likely that few if any additional fire pre-
ger or have safety equipment. For high-risk task areas it is cautions will be needed. If the fire certificate was given on
required that the emergency lighting illuminance be at the basis of an out-of-date standard, this should be
least 10% of the task area illuminance in the same plane as addressed in the risk assessment.
the task; however it shall not be less than 15 lx and should
not cause harmful stroboscopic effects.
2.3 The Health and Safety (Safety
Further extensions to the provisions, defined in table 9
Signs and Signals) Regulations
of the Approved Document, include accommodation,*
open areas larger than 60 m2 in retail, commercial, industri- The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals)
(8)
al, storage and other non-residential premises (previously it Regulations identify the requirements for safety signs in
only applied to offices); school buildings without natural the UK. The Health and Safety Executive has also pro-
light or used outside daylight hours; windowless toilets duced a guidance document to the regulations called Safety
less than 8 m2; toilets > 8 m2; generator, switch, battery and signs and signals.(14) Fire safety signs that did not comply
emergency control rooms; and common escape routes in with these Regulations should have been brought into line
shops, commercial buildings, car parks and multi-storey by 24 December 1998. Compliance with the several parts of
residential premises. It also requires that exit signs be pro- BS 5499 will deem to comply with the Regulations. Signs
vided in non-domestic dwellings on every escape route and requiring some form of power must be provided with a
that they shall comply with Health and Safety (Safety Signs guaranteed supply. Depending on requirements, signs and
and Signals) Regulations(8) and BS 5499-1 Fire safety signs, signalling devices must be regularly cleaned, maintained,
notices and graphic symbols, specification for safety signs.(12) checked, repaired and replaced.
Some buildings may require additional signs under other
legislation. 2.4 Regulations covering other
Note that this Lighting Guide does not cover detailed
areas
differences between legislation and regulations in England
and Wales and those in Scotland and Northern Ireland. 2.4.1 Safety lighting for participants
of sports events
2.2 Fire Precautions (Workplace)
The safety lighting requirements for participants of sports
Regulations 1997† (15)
events are defined in BSEN 12193 and in the Home
The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997(7) Office’s Guide to safety at sports grounds.(16) Participants’ safe-
require that: ty is assured by the stopping of the activity, which might
(a) emergency routes and exits shall be indicated by otherwise be dangerous to continue in the absence of light-
signs; and ing. The illuminance for the safe stopping of an event is
defined as a percentage of the level for that class of sport.
(b) emergency routes and exits shall be illuminate with
For swimming, indoor gymnastics, indoor and outdoor
emergency lighting of adequate intensity in case the
equestrian sports and speed skating it is 5%, while for bob-
supply to the normal lighting fails.
sleigh and toboggan, ski jump and landing, ski slopes and
These Regulations require compliance through a risk cycle racing it is 10%. This safety lighting is required to
assessment. The Regulations are supported by a guidance come on at the instant the general lighting fails and lasts for
document Fire safety – an employer’s guide.(13) It is enforced by at least the period specified for the event.
the Fire Authorities. It states that the user is required to
perform a fire risk assessment if more than five people are 2.4.2 Places of entertainment
employed, and must make and keep for inspection a writ-
Some workplaces require a licence from the local
ten record of the assessment’s findings and actions. The
authority. The Fire Authority may require higher levels of
* The term ‘accommodation’ used in this table refers to areas having risk emergency lighting and specific solutions for premises such
but not every room in the building
as theatres and cinemas, music and dancing, public enter-
tainment or gambling, or where alcohol is sold.
† Note that the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 was approved
by Parliament on 7 June 2005 and should have come into force on 1 April
2006. This has now been postponed to 1 October 2006 by an amendment 2.4.3 Premises used as sleeping
order. When it comes into force the Fire Precautions Act 1971 will be
repealed and the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 will be accommodation
revoked.However, apart from the role of the Fire Officer, there will be lit-
Premises used as sleeping accommodation such as nursing
tle change in the requirements. See the References for more details.
Lighting requirements 9
homes, children’s homes, residential care homes and inde- maintenance and use of optical fibre systems;
pendent schools may be registered with the local authority
— BS 5266-5 Specification for component parts of
but they also need to be accepted by the Fire Authority and
optical fibre systems;
should have of emergency lighting with a minimum dura-
tion of at least two hours. — BS 5266-6 Code of practice for photoluminescent
low mounted way guidance systems;
2.4.4 Construction sites — BS 5266-7 the UK implementation of the European
The HSE publication Fire safety in construction work(17) application document EN 1938;10)
details requirements for escape route lighting and emer- — BS 5266-8 Emergency escape lighting systems lay-
gency lighting on construction sites. It requires the same out (2004) (dual numbered BSEN 50172).
levels of safety to be provided by emergency lighting on
construction sites as for other work places, particularly Various other standards make reference to emergency light-
(22)
where hazardous processes are undertaken. It also includes ing including BSEN 12464 Lighting of workplaces (Part
outdoor sites where work is undertaken at night and spill 1 issued, Part 2 still in preparation) and BSEN 12193 Sports
(15)
light from adjacent locations or sites cannot be guaranteed. lighting .
Various European Standards are still in preparation
including prEN 13032-3 The Photometric requirements
2.4.5 Buildings with temporary
and presentation of data for emergency lighting.
occupation
This category includes church halls, scout huts etc which 3 Lighting requirements
are only occupied for part of the time. In these buildings, at
times when there is no possibility of the building being
3.1 Criteria
occupied, the emergency lighting can use inhibitors. This
allows a self-contained emergency luminaire to be extin- Escape lighting should provide adequate visual conditions
guished intentionally while the normal supply is off but, in and directions for safe passage on escape routes and allow
the event of restoration of the normal supply, ensures that occupants to reach escape routes from open areas. It should
the luminaire reverts automatically to normal mode. allow fire alarm call points, fire lighting equipment and
safety equipment to be identified. It should allow hazards
(stairs, intersections, slopes) and hazardous processes to be
2.4.6 Railways and railway premises
identified and made safe during evacuation.
There are two documents particularly pertinent to railways
and railway premises: the Fire Precautions (Sub-surface 3.1.1 Illumination
(18)
Railway Stations) Regulations and the HSE Railway safe-
(19) In general, people in workplaces who have received an
ty principles and guidance series.
appropriate induction will be familiar with the site layout
and the safety provisions. They should therefore be able to
2.5 Standards
make an orderly evacuation during an emergency.
Standards govern both equipment design and performance However, in some workplaces there may be activities and
and the design of emergency lighting systems. processes which are hazardous and have to be terminated
BSEN 60598 is the standard covering all types of lumi- before evacuation. These are referred to as high-risk areas.
(11)
naires. Part 2.22 covers emergency lighting luminaires. In public places such as hotels and conference, shopping
(12)
BS 5499 covers the colours, design and layout of emer- and sports centres, there are likely to be large numbers of
gency signs and is based on the international standard ISO people who will be unfamiliar with the premises, layout
(20)
3864 and 6309. There are numerous product standards and escape procedures. Here, much anxiety and confusion
covering lamps and individual components of luminaires. maybe alleviated by strategically placed escape signs. At
BS 5266 covers design of emergency lighting systems as least one sign must be visible from all parts of the place at
well as some specific equipment. It consists of the following all material times. Such signs should permanently indicate
Parts (see Bibliography): the directions to exits from the premises or places of safety.
Escape areas and routes must also be illuminated adequate-
— BS 5266-1 Code of practice for the emergency light-
ly and appropriately. Examples of illuminated safety signs
ing of premises other than cinemas and certain
are shown in Figure 3.1.
other specified premises used for entertainment;
In high-risk areas, a higher illuminance must be provid-
— BS 5266-2 Code of practice for electrical low ed at positions where a visual task has to be performed prior
mounted way guidance systems for emergency use; to evacuation or where people have to pass by these dangers
along the escape route.
— BS 5266-3 Specification for small power relays
In all escape areas and spaces, the emergency lighting
(electromagnetic) for emergency lighting applica-
system should be so designed that the light it provides fills
tions up to and including 32 A;
the occupied volume of the space used for evacuation.
— BS 5266-4 Code of practice for design, installation, In addition, the design should be based on the mini-
Lighting requirements 9
homes, children’s homes, residential care homes and inde- maintenance and use of optical fibre systems;
pendent schools may be registered with the local authority
— BS 5266-5 Specification for component parts of
but they also need to be accepted by the Fire Authority and
optical fibre systems;
should have of emergency lighting with a minimum dura-
tion of at least two hours. — BS 5266-6 Code of practice for photoluminescent
low mounted way guidance systems;
2.4.4 Construction sites — BS 5266-7 the UK implementation of the European
The HSE publication Fire safety in construction work(17) application document EN 1938;10)
details requirements for escape route lighting and emer- — BS 5266-8 Emergency escape lighting systems lay-
gency lighting on construction sites. It requires the same out (2004) (dual numbered BSEN 50172).
levels of safety to be provided by emergency lighting on
construction sites as for other work places, particularly Various other standards make reference to emergency light-
(22)
where hazardous processes are undertaken. It also includes ing including BSEN 12464 Lighting of workplaces (Part
outdoor sites where work is undertaken at night and spill 1 issued, Part 2 still in preparation) and BSEN 12193 Sports
(15)
light from adjacent locations or sites cannot be guaranteed. lighting .
Various European Standards are still in preparation
including prEN 13032-3 The Photometric requirements
2.4.5 Buildings with temporary
and presentation of data for emergency lighting.
occupation
This category includes church halls, scout huts etc which 3 Lighting requirements
are only occupied for part of the time. In these buildings, at
times when there is no possibility of the building being
3.1 Criteria
occupied, the emergency lighting can use inhibitors. This
allows a self-contained emergency luminaire to be extin- Escape lighting should provide adequate visual conditions
guished intentionally while the normal supply is off but, in and directions for safe passage on escape routes and allow
the event of restoration of the normal supply, ensures that occupants to reach escape routes from open areas. It should
the luminaire reverts automatically to normal mode. allow fire alarm call points, fire lighting equipment and
safety equipment to be identified. It should allow hazards
(stairs, intersections, slopes) and hazardous processes to be
2.4.6 Railways and railway premises
identified and made safe during evacuation.
There are two documents particularly pertinent to railways
and railway premises: the Fire Precautions (Sub-surface 3.1.1 Illumination
(18)
Railway Stations) Regulations and the HSE Railway safe-
(19) In general, people in workplaces who have received an
ty principles and guidance series.
appropriate induction will be familiar with the site layout
and the safety provisions. They should therefore be able to
2.5 Standards
make an orderly evacuation during an emergency.
Standards govern both equipment design and performance However, in some workplaces there may be activities and
and the design of emergency lighting systems. processes which are hazardous and have to be terminated
BSEN 60598 is the standard covering all types of lumi- before evacuation. These are referred to as high-risk areas.
(11)
naires. Part 2.22 covers emergency lighting luminaires. In public places such as hotels and conference, shopping
(12)
BS 5499 covers the colours, design and layout of emer- and sports centres, there are likely to be large numbers of
gency signs and is based on the international standard ISO people who will be unfamiliar with the premises, layout
(20)
3864 and 6309. There are numerous product standards and escape procedures. Here, much anxiety and confusion
covering lamps and individual components of luminaires. maybe alleviated by strategically placed escape signs. At
BS 5266 covers design of emergency lighting systems as least one sign must be visible from all parts of the place at
well as some specific equipment. It consists of the following all material times. Such signs should permanently indicate
Parts (see Bibliography): the directions to exits from the premises or places of safety.
Escape areas and routes must also be illuminated adequate-
— BS 5266-1 Code of practice for the emergency light-
ly and appropriately. Examples of illuminated safety signs
ing of premises other than cinemas and certain
are shown in Figure 3.1.
other specified premises used for entertainment;
In high-risk areas, a higher illuminance must be provid-
— BS 5266-2 Code of practice for electrical low ed at positions where a visual task has to be performed prior
mounted way guidance systems for emergency use; to evacuation or where people have to pass by these dangers
along the escape route.
— BS 5266-3 Specification for small power relays
In all escape areas and spaces, the emergency lighting
(electromagnetic) for emergency lighting applica-
system should be so designed that the light it provides fills
tions up to and including 32 A;
the occupied volume of the space used for evacuation.
— BS 5266-4 Code of practice for design, installation, In addition, the design should be based on the mini