Table Of ContentEMERGENCY
AND
TRAUMA CARE 2e
FOR NURSES AND PARAMEDICS
Australian and New Zealand Edition
Kate Curtis
RN, BN, Grad Dip (Crit Care), MNurs (Hons), PhD
Trauma Clinical Nurse Consultant, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Associate Professor, Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
Registered Nurse (Casual), Emergency Department, Wollongong Hospital, NSW,
Australia
Honorary Professorial Fellow, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Conjoint Associate Professor, St George Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW,
Sydney, Australia
Visiting Associate Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Organisation and
Delivery of Care Research Group, University of Southampton, UK
Fellow, College of Emergency Nurses Australasia
Clair Ramsden
RN, MA Healthcare Ethics, MA Health Service Management
Executive Director of Nursing and Midwifery, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health
District, NSW Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Associate Professor, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Elsevier Australia, ACN 001 002 357
(a division of Reed International Books Australia Pty Ltd)
Tower 1, 475 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood, NSW 2067
Sheehy’s Emergency Nursing: Principles and Practice
Copyright Elsevier Inc, 2010, 2003, 1998, 1992, 1985, 1981.
ISBN: 978-0-323-05585-7
This adaptation of Sheehy’s Emergency Nursing: Principles and Practice, Sixth Edition,
edited by Patricia Kunz Howard and Rebecca A. Steinmann was undertaken by Elsevier
Australia and is published by arrangement with Elsevier Inc.
Emergency and Trauma Care for Nurses and Paramedics, 2nd edition
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Australia; 1st edition © 2011 Elsevier Australia.
ISBN: 978-0-7295-4205-0
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Notice
This publication has been carefully reviewed and checked to ensure that the content is as
accurate and current as possible at time of publication. We would recommend, however,
that the reader verify any procedures, treatments, drug dosages or legal content described
in this book. Neither the author, the contributors, nor the publisher assume any liability for
injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any error in or omission from
this publication.
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Curtis, Kate, author.
Emergency and trauma care : for nurses and paramedics / Kate Curtis, Clair Ramsden.
Second edition.
9780729542050 (paperback)
Emergency nursing—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Emergency medical technicians—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Traumatology—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Hospitals—Emergency services—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Ramsden, Clair, author.
616.025
Senior Content Strategist: Melinda McEvoy
Content Development Specialist: Tamsin Curtis
Senior Project Manager: Karthikeyan Murthy
Edited by Margaret Trudgeon
Permissions editing and photo research by Sarah Thomas
Proofread by Tim Learner
Design by Natalie Bowra
Index by Robert Swanson
Typeset by Midland Typesetters, Australia
Printed by CTPS, China
Cover page—Main image:
Courtesy of the University of Sydney
Helicopter & patient transfer image:
Courtesy of Ambulance NSW
CENA DISCLAIMER
This book is not written or published by the College for Emergency Nursing Australasia
(“CENA”). While CENA endorses this book as a complete work it is not responsible for its
content.
FOREWORD
As a specialty area of practice, emergency care focuses on the care of patients presenting
with multitudes of conditions ranging from acute to chronic disease, minor to major trauma
and those with critical, life-threatening illnesses. Emergency and Trauma Care for Nurses and
Paramedics 2e provides information that underpins what makes emergency nursing and pre-
hospital care a specialty in its own right.
Written by emergency nurses, specialist clinicians, educators, academics and researchers from
across the spectrum of emergency care, this textbook provides an Australasian context to
care delivery and provides readers with contemporary information on clinical assessment,
physiology, management and rationale for a wide variety of emergency presentations. It
is written in a logical, easy-to-read style and provides relevant, structured information on
emergency concepts using an evidence-based approach. The book has become the preferred
text for many tertiary emergency nursing courses across Australia, as well as the College of
Emergency Nursing Australasia’s (CENA) Trauma Nursing Program.
CENA is the peak professional college representing emergency nurses, and our mission is to
foster excellence in emergency nursing. CENA has endorsed this text in recognition of the
relevance it has to emergency nursing across Australasia. Many of its contributors are members
or Fellows of the College and contribute to our specialty every day. It is my pleasure to
congratulate the editors—Kate Curtis and Clair Ramsden—in addition to all the contributors,
for providing high quality contributions to this text. The new edition of Emergency and Trauma
Care for Nurses and Paramedics 2e will become a valuable resource for those working in pre-
hospital and emergency department environments, irrespective of the setting.
Lee Trenning
RN, Cert (Emerg Nurs), Grad Dip (Crit Care), Grad Dip (Clin Ed),
FCENA, MACN, MACCCN
National Executive Director
College of Emergency Nursing Australasia
The leaders for emergency nursing: A leader of emergency care.
PREFACE
This book is intended to provide a practical and evidence-based resource for pre-hospital care
providers, rural and urban emergency and trauma nurses, students or those with an interest
(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:6)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:27)(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:28)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:18)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:19)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:10)(cid:12)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:6)
environment, while maintaining the clinical elements experienced by our colleagues worldwide.
Each of the 80 contributors have been clinicians in Australia or New Zealand and were chosen
for their expertise in their chapter area, to ensure relevant, practical information.
The book is organised into six sections. Section 1 discusses the foundation and development of
paramedic, emergency and trauma nursing practice as well as the implications on professional
practice, such as ethics, law, management and leadership and culture. Section 2 focuses on
the fundamentals of emergency care, including professional development, patient education
and research. Section 3 addresses the clinical and health service system concepts of scene
assessment, patient assessment, triage, resuscitation, pain management and the physiology
of emergency care; there is also a chapter featuring essential clinical skills, which are cross-
referenced throughout this edition.
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such as cardiology, respiratory, neurological and endocrine. Other groups of emergency
presentations are also covered in depth; these include toxicology, envenomation and ocular
and environmental emergencies. Unique population groups, including the elderly, disabled,
obstetric and paediatric patients, are also presented in Section 4. Major Trauma assessment
and management is covered in detail in Section 5, with an overview of trauma systems, trauma
(cid:12)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:28)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:31)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:30)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:10)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:28)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:18)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:14)(cid:30)(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:8)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:6)!(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:29)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:6)"(cid:5)(cid:6)
provides the pre-hospital and emergency clinician with relevant information on end-of-life care
and considerations, such as organ donation.
Throughout the 54 chapters, cross references are made to other areas of the book that
(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:27)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:28)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:31)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:25)(cid:6)!(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)#$(cid:21)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:6)%&(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:12)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:9)(cid:24)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:6)
the ‘hands-on’ clinical approach of the book. Clinical assessment, physiology, management and
rationale for intervention of common and not-so-common emergency presentations are
provided.
!(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:28)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:3)’(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:11)*(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)’(cid:13)(cid:3)+(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:10)(cid:18)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:6)
literature at the time of production. It is important that readers continue to search for the
most recent sources of appropriate information to guide their practice. The editors welcome
feedback from readers to help ensure that the content remains relevant and is disseminated in
a way that suits paramedics, emergency and trauma nurses.
This book is a resource to support clinicians in their provision of care to emergency and
trauma patients, and promote the paramedical profession and specialties of emergency
and trauma nursing.
Kate Curtis
Clair Ramsden
July 2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A textbook of this size requires the professional dedication and personal support of many
people. An incredible amount of work is necessary to ensure the content is comprehensive and
(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:3)’(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:24)(cid:17)(cid:11)(cid:15)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:6)+(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:24)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:7)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:28)(cid:11)(cid:27)(cid:10)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:11)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:6)!(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:17)(cid:11)/(cid:11)(cid:17)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:28)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:6)
and effort for this second edition has been phenomenal. The editors would like to thank:
(cid:2) (cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:23)(cid:12)(cid:24)(cid:15)(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:10)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:9)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:20)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:6)+(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:12)/(cid:11)(cid:6)+(cid:10)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:15)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:28)(cid:11)(cid:25)(cid:6)!(cid:23)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:18)(cid:11)(cid:5)(cid:6)
persistence, expertise and knowledge are greatly valued. This book has been written by an
extremely skilled group of clinicians and academics
(cid:2) the team at Elsevier; in particular Tamsin Curtis, Melinda McEvoy, Karthikeyan Murthy,
Sarah Thomas and Margaret Trudgeon
(cid:2) the reviewers who spent time and effort ensuring the content is accurate, relevant and
up-to-date and that the editors had not overlooked any pertinent subject matter.
On a more personal note, we would particularly like to thank our husbands (George and
Gary), children (Sarah, Beatrix, Edward, Grace and Lewis), family and friends who have endured
the many months of hard work and been tremendously patient and encouraging. You have our
sincere appreciation and gratitude.
CONTRIBUTORS
Trish Allen RN BN, PostGradDip(Emerg Nurs), MN Ruth Dunleavey BSc(Hons) Nursing, Oncology Diploma
Assistant Director of Nursing—Clinical Systems Improvement, St Vincents Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Acute Health Services Planning and Design, Department of Health
and Human Services, Tasmania, Australia Janice Elliott RN, GradDip(Emergency Nursing), MA(Nursing Science)
Registered Nurse, Emergency Department, Royal Adelaide Hospital
Carrie Alvaro DipAppSc(Nursing) and Clinical Title Holder, School of Nursing, University of Adelaide,
Nurse Educator, Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW, SA, Australia
Australia
Julie Evans RN, RM, Grad Dip, Grad Cert(Emergency)
Stephen Edward Asha BSc, MBBS, MMed(Clin Epi), FACEM Trauma Clinical Nurse Consultant, John Hunter/John Hunter
Conjoint Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
NSW, Australia
Emergency Physician, Emergency Department, St George Hospital, Wendy Fenton RN, MA Nursing(Nurse Practitioner)
Sydney, NSW, Australia Emergency Nurse Practitioner, Emergency Department, Wollongong
Hospital, Australia
Ann Bonner BAppSc(Nursing), MA, PhD
Professor, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Monika Ferguson BPsych(Hons), PhD
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Research Associate, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University
of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
James Brinton RN, BN, GradCertCritCare(Emergency)
Clinical Nurse Specialist, Orthopaedic Trauma and Emergency David Foley RN, BSc, A&E Cert, MNS, PhD
Surgery, Division of Surgery, Wollongong Hospital, NSW, Australia Director of Nursing Simulations, School of Nursing, University
of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Thomas Buckley RN, BSc(Hons), GradCertICU, MN, PhD
Coordinator MA Nursing (Clinical Nursing and Nurse Practitioner); Margaret Fry NP BSc, MEd(Adult Education), PhD
Senior Lecturer, Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Northern Sydney Local Health District
NSW, Australia Professor Research and Practice Development, Faculty of Health,
University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Erica Caldwell RN, BA, RM, PsychCert
Trauma Clinical Nurse Consultant, Trauma, Liverpool Hospital, Marie Frances Gerdtz BN, A&E Cert, GradDipAdultEd, PhD
NSW, Australia Associate Professor, Nursing, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
Julie Considine RN, RM, BN, CertAcuteCareNurs, GradDipNurs,
Associate Professor, Nursing, Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
GradCertHigherEd, MN, PhD, FACN, FFCENA
Honorary Professor, Health Sciences, University Central
Professor of Nursing, Deakin University—Eastern Health, School
Lancashire, UK
of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
Dianne Crellin BN, CertEmerg, PostGradAdvNurs(Paed), MN Kellie Gumm DipNursing, GradCertNursing(Intensive Therapy),
GradDipHlthProm, MA(Adult Ed)
Nurse Practitioner, Emergency Department, Royal Children’s Hospital,
Trauma Program Manager, Trauma Service, The Royal Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria
Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Research Associate, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Victoria
Senior EMST Coordinator, Skill Training, Royal Australasian College
Lecturer, Nursing, The University of Melbourne, Australia
of Surgeons, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Allison Cummins RM, MA(Adult Education) Y(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:23)(cid:25)(cid:12)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:9)%(cid:24)(cid:16)|(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:22)(cid:30)(cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:14)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:9)z(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:9){(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:12)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:25)(cid:26)(cid:23)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:9)
Course Coordinator, Graduate Diploma of Midwifery, University Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
of Technology Sydney, Australia
Kane Guthrie BNurs
Lynette Cusack RN, BN, GradDipNurs, PhD, MHA Clinical Nurse, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Nursing, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Karel Habig BSc(Med), MBBS, DipRTM, FACEM
Suzanne Robyn Davies BAppSc(Med Biotech), MPH Lead Clinician, Greater Sydney Area HEMS, NSW Ambulance Service,
Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney, Australia
Andrea Herring RN, GradCertBioethics
Charlotte F C de Crespigny BN, GradDipPHC(Addictions), PhD Manager, Nursing and Midwifery Education, Western Sydney Local
Professor of Drug and Alcohol Nursing, School of Nursing, Health District, Westmead, NSW
The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia National Executive, Australasian Trauma Society, Australia
xvi CONTRIBUTORS
Celine Hill RN, DipAppSc(Nursing), GradCert(Orthopaedcis), MN(Trauma) Jonathan Magill RN, BSc(Hons), MSc
Clinical Nurse Consultant Orthopaedics and Trauma, Orthopaedics, Manager, Nursing and Midwifery Professional Development and
Westmead Hospital, PACE/CERS Clinical Nurse Consultant, Education, Nursing and Midwifery Directorate, Northern NSW Local
Shoalhaven District Memorial Hospital, NSW, Australia Health District, NSW, Australia
Coordinator, NNSW LHD CEC Clinical Leadership Program,
Alister Hodge BN, MA Nursing(Nurse Practitioner), MA Nursing(Emergency),
NSW, Australia
GradCertCriticalCare
Nurse Practitioner, Emergency Department, The Sutherland Bronte Martin BNurs, CritCareCert, GradDipNursSc(Emerg), MNurs(Clin)
Hospital, Australia Nursing Director (Trauma & Disaster), National Critical Care and
Clinical Lecturer, School of Nursing, University of Sydney, Australia Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, NT, Australia
Andrew JA Holland BSc, MB/BS, GradCertEdStudies, PhD, FACS, FRCS, FRACS Daniel Martin BN, BNursingPrac(Emerg), Grad Cert(Emerg),
Professor of Paediatric Surgery, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child GradCertNursingSc(Retrieval), PostGradCert(Aeromed Retrieval)
Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia Senior Lecturer (Professional), School of Public Health, Tropical
Senior Clinical Academic, Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University,
Surgery, The Children’s Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Caroline SE Homer RM, MN, MScMed(ClinEpi), PhD Jane Mateer BA, GradDipNursePrac, GradDipDefence, GradCertEmergNurs,
GradCertClinTeach, MPublicHlth, MAIntSecurStud
Professor of Midwifery, Centre for Midwifery, Child and Family Health,
Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia Lecturer, Nursing and Midwifery, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
/(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:9)(cid:22)(cid:30)(cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:31)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:23)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:5)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:9)^(cid:13)(cid:30)(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:128)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:6)(cid:13)
Keryn Jones BNurs, MEd
Nurse Practitioner—Emergency, South Eastern Sydney Local Joanna McCulloch RN, BA(Psych), BA(Hlth Sc), MA Nursing(Nurse
Health District Practitioner),
Lecturer and Subject Assessor, Post Graduate Nurse Practitioner Nurse Educator, Ophthalmology/Programs, Sydney/Sydney Eye
Program, Faculty of Health University of Technology, Sydney, Hospital, NSW, Australia
NSW, Australia $(cid:16)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:9)$(cid:16)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:127)(cid:9)%(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:136)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:14)(cid:23)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:9)$(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:9)(cid:22)*(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:9)
Nursing, Notre Dame University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Jeff Kenneally BA Bus, DipHealthSc(Paramedic), Mobile Intensive Care
Paramedic Cert Leigh McKay BAppSc(Nursing), MPubHlth
Intensive Care Senior Team Manager, Victoria Ambulance Services, Education Coordinator, NSW Organ and Tissue Donation Service,
Australia Sydney, NSW
Kirsten Kennedy DipHealthSc(Nursing), GradCert Spinal Nursing, James McManus DipParaSci, DipProfDev, HCPC Registered Paramedic, MPA,
MA(Adult Ed) ’(cid:10)/;$%(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:10)"(cid:10)
Nurse Educator, Spinal Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Critical Care Paramedic and Senior Clinical Educator, Queensland
NSW, Australia Ambulance Service, Queensland Health, Queensland, Australia
Kate King BN, MN Eleanor Milligan BA(Hons1), BSc, GradDipEd, PhD
Clinical Nurse Consultant—Trauma, John Hunter Trauma Service, (cid:10)(cid:7)(cid:7)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:9)%(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:30)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:7)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:127)(cid:9)"(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:30)(cid:9)’(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:136)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:30)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:9)‘(cid:11)(cid:5)(cid:15)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:31)(cid:127)(cid:9)
Newcastle, NSW, Australia Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Conjoint Lecturer Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, NSW,
Australia Jacqui Morarty BAppScOT, MAOT
Manager ABI Community and Transitional Living Services, Alfred
Leigh Kinsman RN, BHSc, MHSc, PhD Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Professor of Healthcare Improvement (joint appt), University
of Tasmania and the Tasmanian Health Organisation (North), Judy Rozana Mullan BA, BPharm, PhD, FSHPA
Tasmania, Australia Academic Leader, Research and Critical Analysis Theme; Senior
Lecturer, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong,
David Koop DipFireTech, AdvCert Safety&OHM, CertHumanRes NSW, Australia
AusMat Team Member and AusMat Logistics trained
Belinda Munroe RN, BN, MNurs(AdvPrac)
State Manager, Health Emergency Response Capability and
PhD(cand), Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney,
Countermeasures, NSW Health Emergency Management Unit,
Camperdown, NSW, Australia
NSW Ambulance, NSW, Australia
Clinical Nurse Specialist—Emergency Department, Wollongong
Mary Langcake BMBS, BSC(Hons), FRACS Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Director of Trauma, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
Margaret Murphy RN, GradDip(CritCarePsych), GradDipChangeMgtGovt,
Jennifer Ann Leslie BAppSc(Nursing), PostGradDip Clin Nurs MHsEd
Trauma Research Nurse, Trauma Services, Royal Perth Hospital, Clinical Nurse Consultant, Emergency, Westmead Hospital, NSW
WA, Australia Clinical Lecturer, Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney,
NSW
Bill Lord BHlthSc(PreHospCare), GradDipCBL, MEd, PhD
Associate Professor, Paramedic Science, School of Health and Stuart Andrew Newman RN, ICCert, DipTeach(Nursing), BEd(Nursing), MHA
Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Lecture in Health Services Management, Sydney Nursing School,
Queensland, Australia The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
Peter O’Meara BHA, MPP, PhD Editor-in-Chief, Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, Australia
Professor, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo,
Tony Skapetis BDS, MEd(Adult Ed), PhD
Victoria, Australia
Clinical Director Education—Oral Health, Education Unit, Westmead
Linda Ora BN, MPallC, MACN Centre for Oral Health, Westmead
Clinical Nurse Consultant Palliative Care, Primary Care and Community Clinical Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney,
Health, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Australia Sydney
Lucy Patel RN Jacinta Stewart BA(Nursing), MA(Trauma and Emergency Nursing)
Nurse Triage—Director of Nursing, Medibank Health Solutions, Emergency Clinical Coordinator, Emergency, Royal Hobart Hospital,
Osborne Park, WA, Australia Tasmania, Australia
Andrew Pearce BSc(Hons), BM/BS, PostGradCert(Aeromed Ret) Ruth Townsend BN, LLB, LLM, GradDipLegalPrac, GradCertVET, DipParaSc
DRTM(RCSEd) MAICD, FACEM
Clinical Director, Education and Training, MedSTAR Emergency Jane Treloggen RN, MHSc(Nurs), BHSc(Nurs), DipManagement, ICUCert
Medical Retrieval Service Manager, Lions NSW Eye Bank and NSW Bone Bank, NSW, Australia
Senior Consultant and Emergency Physician, Royal Adelaide Hospital,
Alex Tzannes BSc(Med), MBBS, FACEM
South Australia, Australia
Retrieval Consultant, Greater Sydney Area HEMS, NSW Ambulance,
Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine,
Sydney, Australia
James Cook University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Emergency Physician, Emergency Department, St George Hospital,
Nicholas G Procter RN, BA, GradDipAdultEd, MBA, PhD Sydney, Australia
Professor and Chair, Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing and
Amber Van Dreven BN, DipAppSc (Nursing), GradDipMid,
Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
GradCert(Crit Care), GradCert(Tert Ed), MN (Research)
Linda Ann Quinn RN, Paediatric Cert, GradDipNursing (Burns) Clinical Skills and Simulation Instructor, Clinical School, Deakin
Burns Advanced Clinical Practice Consultant, Surgical Services, University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
Women’s and Children’s Hospital, South Australia, Australia
Wayne Varndell BSc(Hons) Nursing, PostGradDip(AP), PostGradCertEd,
Jamie Ranse BNurs, GradCert(ClinEpi), GradCertClinEd, MCritCareNurs, MN(Research)
PhD(cand) Clinical Nurse Consultant, Emergency Department, Prince of Wales
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
Clinical Lecturer, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney,
Terri Rebmann RN, PhD, CIC NSW, Australia
Director, Institute for Biosecurity; Associate Professor, Environmental
and Occupational Health, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Adrian Verrinder BSc(Hons), PhD(UCL)
Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA Lecturer, La Trobe University (retired)
Dwight Andrew Robinson B Nurs, Grad Cert Emergency Nursing Ioana Vlad MD, FACEM, DCH, VGDWH
Registered Nurse, Intensive Care Unit, Nepean Hospital, NSW Emergency Consultant and Clinical Toxicologist, Sir Charles Gairdner
Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
Tessa Rogers RN
Emergency Nurse Practitioner, St George Hospital, Sydney, Elizabeth Walter BN, GradCert(Emergency Nursing), MEmergNurs
NSW, Australia Clinical Nurse Coordinator, South Eastern Sydney Local Health
District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Adam Rolley BA(CCJ), DipHlthSci(PreHospCare), GDIntCareParamedicPrac
Senior Educator (Critical Care Paramedics), Queensland Ambulance Martin Ward RN, RMN GradDipPubSectMgmnt (Health), MA(Management)
Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Associate Fellow, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Fellow, College of Nursing, NSW
Australia
Clinical Nurse Consultant, Emergency Department, Royal North
Manoj Saxena BSc(Hons), MBBChir, MRCP (UK), FRACP, FCICM Shore Hospital, St Leonard’s, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Intensive Care Physician, St George Hospital Clinical School, UNSW, Anthony Weber AssDipAppSci(Ambulance), AdvDipHlthSci(Advanced
Sydney, Australia
Prehospital Care), BHlth (Nursing), MHlthSci (Research)
Research Fellow, The George Institute for Global Health,
Deputy Dean (Learning and Teaching) and Paramedic Discipline
Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Lead, School of Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland
Lesley Seaton BN, MN, PhD University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
Senior Lecturer/Coordinator International Relations, Sydney Nursing Diana Williamson RN, DipHealth Sc(Nursing), GradCert(Emergency), MA
School, UNSW, Australia
ClinNurs(Emergency)
Myra Sgorbini MN(Hons) Clinical Nurse Consultant—Metropolitan Emergency Services,
District Facilitator CEC Clinical Leadership Program, Hunter New
Clinical Nurse Consultant, Organ and Tissue Donation Program,
England Local Health District, NSW, Australia
Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Conjoint Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University
Ramon Z Shaban RN, CICP, BSc(Med), BN, AssDipAppSc(Amb), of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
GradCertInfCon, PostGradDipPHTM, MEd, MCHealthPrac(Hons), PhD,
FCENA, FACN Sarah Winch RN, BA(Hons), PhD
%(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:30)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:7)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:127)(cid:9)$(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:30)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:9)J(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:9)%(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:9)[(cid:11)(cid:11)(cid:16)(cid:15)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:127)(cid:9)’(cid:13)(cid:11)X(cid:5)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:9)J(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:9) "(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:5)(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:9)>(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:9)J(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:9)$(cid:12)(cid:24)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:127)(cid:9)[(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:18)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:31)(cid:9)(cid:22)(cid:30)(cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:9)’ZZ"~’^(cid:127)(cid:9)
[(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:135)(cid:23)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:127)(cid:9)"(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:30)(cid:9)/(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:9)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:9)’(cid:5)(cid:14)3(cid:5)(cid:30)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:31)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:136)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:30)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:9) The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Australia
University, Queensland, Australia CEO, Health Ethics Australia
REVIEWERS
Stéphane Bouchoucha BSc(Hons), ENB 100, GradCertTeachingLearning, Shane Lenson BNurs, MNursSci(Nurse Practitioner), MA Public Hlth
MSc, PhD (Major Biosecurity and Disaster Preparedness), FCENA
Lecturer, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Lisa Bowerman BHlthSC (Pre-hospital Care), MHlthSC (Ed), PhD(cand) Martha Mansah RN, BN(Hons), PhD
Course Coordinator and Lecturer, Emergency Nursing;
Senior Lecturer, Paramedic Practice; Course Coordinator, BA
$(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:25)*(cid:16)(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:24)(cid:31)(cid:9)/(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:9)%(cid:24)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:136)(cid:13)(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:16)(cid:18)(cid:31)(cid:9)/(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:18)(cid:127)(cid:9)(cid:136)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:30)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:9)
Paramedic Practice, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania,
University, NSW, Australia
Tasmania, Australia
Thomas Mathew RN, BScNursing, MSc Nursing, Cert Tertiary Teaching, MACN
Naomi Bunker RN, BN, MPhil(cand)
Lecturer in Nursing (Acute and Critical Care), University of
Clinical Coordinator (Academic); Lecturer Nursing, School of Health,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
University of New England, Australia
Alexander (Sandy) MacQuarrie BSc, MBA, CCP(F), PhD(cand)
Michael Crossan RN, MSc Nursing (Hons), GradCertEmergNurs Lecturer Paramedicine, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
Professional Teaching Fellow, Nursing, School of Nursing, University
of Auckland, Australia Kiri Matiatos RN (Comprehensive), BHSc(Nursing), PGDip (Distinction)
(Advanced Nursing)
Jenny D’Antonio RN/Midwife, BAppSc (Nursing), GradCert Emerg Nurs, Professional Teaching Fellow, School of Nursing, University of
GradDipMid, MPET, MACN, CENA (cid:10)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:127)(cid:9)/(cid:13)3(cid:9);(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)
University Course Coordinator, B Nursing, B Nursing/B Paramedicine, ED Nurse, Adult Emergency Department, Auckland City Hospital,
Australian Catholic University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia (cid:10)(cid:23)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)(cid:127)(cid:9)/(cid:13)3(cid:9);(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)
Terri Downer RN, PostGradCertNurseEducation(Clinical Teaching), MAdvPrac, Alison McDonald BN, PGCert, MA(Emerg Nurs)
PhD(cand), RM, ACM, CAPEA Clinical Nurse Specialist, Emergency Department, Armidale Hospital,
Lecturer in Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Sunshine Coast, NSW, Australia
Australia University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Hunter New England Health, NSW, Australia
Bev Ewens RN, BSc(Hons), PostGradCertEd, PostGradDip(Critical Care),
PostGradCert(Management), PhD(cand) Paula McMullen z/(cid:127)(cid:9)Z"/(cid:127)(cid:9)’J%(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:127)(cid:9)%(cid:4)^(cid:127)(cid:9)’(cid:10)/;$%
Postgraduate Courses Coordinator, Lecturer, Post Graduate Nursing, Associate Head of School, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine,
Edith Cowan University, Australia Division of Paramedicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
Lyn Francis BN, CM, MHM, LLB, LLM, GradCertTT, PhD(cand), ACM, NTEU Jonathan Mould PhD, RGN, RMN, RSCN
Lecturer in Nursing, Curtin University, Bentley Campus, WA, Australia
Lecturer, Nursing, University of Newcastle, Australia
Australian College of Children and Young People’s Nurses (ACCYPN)
Merridy Gina RN, CertIVTAE, GradCertHSc Ed, BHSc(Nursing),
Leigh Parker DipNursing, PGCertICParamedic, PGCertEdLeadership
A&ECert(NSWCN), DipAppSc(Nursing), ACN, CENA, RAAF
Lecturer, Paramedic Practice, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania,
Nurse Educator, Australian College of Nursing, Cairns, Queensland,
Australia
Australia
Virginia Plummer BN, MidwiferyCert, CriticalCareCert, GradCertEmergHth
Melanie Greenwood RN, MN, GradCertUnivLearnTeach, Cert Intensive Care,
(Disaster Preparedness & Mgmt), GradCert (Health Professional Education),
Cert Neuroscience
GradDip (Health Admin), MSc (Health Policy & Management), PhD
Course Coordinator Postgraduate Studies, University of Tasmania, Associate Professor, Disaster and Emergency Nursing Management,
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Monash University and Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia
Peter Hartley PhD Sandra Richardson BA, RGON, DipSocSci, PostGradDipHealthSci,
Associate Professor, Director Teaching and Learning/Clinical Learning, DipTertTeach, PhD
Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Senior Lecturer, University of Otago; Nurse Researcher, Emergency
^(cid:13)*(cid:12)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:13)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:127)(cid:9)$^JZ(cid:127)(cid:9)$(cid:4)(cid:24)(cid:5)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:23)(cid:24)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:127)(cid:9)/(cid:13)3(cid:9);(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:11)(cid:14)
Paramedics Australasia (President), Council of Ambulance Authorities,
American Education Research Association
Liz Ryan RN, BN, GradCertACN, GradDipACN (Trauma and Crit Care),
David Kelly BPod, BHlthSc(Paramedic), GradDipHlthSc (Pre-hospital Care) MN (Clin Educ), MACN, MACEN
Lecturer, University of New England, NSW, Australia
MICA Paramedic, Ambulance Victoria
Clinical Tutor, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Natashia Scully BA, BN, GradCertTertiaryEd, PGDipNSc, MPH
Queensland, Australia School of Health, University of New England, NSW, Australia
