EMBIA. Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 5. A review of the family Anisembiidae with descriptions of new taxa

127 Pages·2003·49.7 MB·English

by  Edward S Ross

OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
No. 154 February 12, 2003
EMBIA
Contributions to the Biosystematics
of the
Insect Order Embiidina
Part 5
A
Review ofthe Family Anisembiidae
With Descriptions ofNew Taxa
By
Edward S. Ross
Published by the California Academy ofSciences
San Francisco, California
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
Alan E. Leviton, Editor
Katie Martin, Managingeditor
© 2003 CaliforniaAcademy ofSciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 941 18
All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
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trieval SNstem, without permission in writing from the publisher.
ISSN 0068-5461
Table ofContents
Part 5. A Review ofthe Family Anisembiidae With Descriptions ofNew Taxa
Abstract 1
Introduction 1
Checklist ofFamily Anisembiidae 2
Family Anisembiidae 4
Key to Subfamilies ofAnisembiidae 5
Subfamily Anisembiinae 5
Key to Tribes and Genera ofAnisembiinae 6
Tribe Stenembiini 7
Genus Stenembia Ross 7
Genus Ectyphocerca Ross 8
Genus Mesembia Ross 9
Key to Species ofMesembia 10
Genus Phallosembia Ross 13
Tribe Isosembiini 14
Genus Isosembia Ross 14
Tribe Saussurembiini 15
Genus Saiissurembia Davis 15
Tribe Anisembiini 18
Genus Anisembia Krauss 18
Genus Glyphembia Ross 19
Genus Bulbocerca Ross 27
Key to Species ofBulbocerca 28
TribeExochosembiini 32
Genus Exochosembia Ross 32
Genus Pogonembia Ross 35
Tribe Poinarembiini 37
Genus Poinarembia Ross 37
Subfamily Scolembiinae 38
Genus Scolembia Ross 39
Subfamily Aporembiinae 42
Genus Aporembia Ross 43
Subfamily Chorisembiinae 44
Genus Chorisembia Ross 45
Subfamily Platyembiinae 45
Genus Platyembia Ross 46
Subfamily Cryptembiinae 48
Genus Cryptembia Ross 49
Key to Species ofCryptembia 49
Subfamily Chelicercinae 57
Key to Genera ofChelicercinae 58
Genus Brasilembia Ross 58
Genus Schizembia Ross 59
Key to Species ofSchizembia 61
Genus Chelicerca Ross 67
Key to Species-Groups ofMexican Chelicerca 68
Dampfi Group 68
Wheeleri Group 68
Key to Adult Males of Wheeleri Group 69
Nodulosa Group 73
Maxima Group 76
Spinosa Group 77
Jaliscoa Group 78
Genus Dactylocerca Ross 78
Key to Species-Groups and Species oiDactylocerca 80
Rubra Group 81
Ferruginea Group 82
Multispiculata Group 84
Parva Group 87
Genus Pelorembia Ross 89
Chelicerca ofMesoamerica 91
Key to Species-Groups and Species ofMesoamerican Chelicerca 91
Maya Group 92
Ruficollis Group 93
Esteli Group 100
Yojoa Group 101
Alpina Group 102
Chelicercinae ofSouth America 103
Key to South American Species ofChelicerca 104
Minuta Group 105
Galapagensis Group 105
Acuta Group 106
Rioensis Group 108
Nimba Group 109
Monticola Group 110
Rondonia Group 112
Loma Group 114
Spathula Group 115
Andesina Group 117
Barbara Group 118
Genus Oncosembia Ross 120
Literature Cited 122
Parts
A
Review ofthe Family Anisembiidae
With Descriptions ofNew Taxa
Abstract
holotype'sculture. Parallotypes(althoughnotarec-
AllnamedspeciesoftheexclusivelyNewV/orld ognizedterm)areadultfemales fromthetype'scul-
ture.
family Anisembiidae are treated. Included are one
hundrednine species (sixty-seven new) assignedto Non-topotypic males aren't designated
ninesubfamilies(sevennew),fourtribes(threenew), paratypes; instead, they are treated as "other speci-
and twenty-four genera (fifteen new). Because of mens examined." Wheneverpossible, paratypesare
theurgencyofimportant,future studiesinothersec- deposited in appropriate institutions, as designated
tions ofthe order Embiidina, 1 am not describing below.
many, relatively uninteresting anisembiids, espe- Institutional symbols: AMNH - American
cially South American species of the large genus Museum ofNatural History, New York; BMNH -
Chelicerca Ross. For the user's convenience, spe- British Museum, Natural History, London; CAS -
cies of Chelicerca are treated regionally: North
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco;
American,MesoamericanandSouthAmerican.For- IFTNB - Instituto de Historia Natural, Bogota, Co-
tunately these faunas are quite distinct. lombia; INBIO - Instituto Nacional de Bio-
Introduction diversidad, Costa Rica; IFML - Instituto Miguel
Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina; MIZA - Museo de
Almost all reported species were collected and Zoologia Agricola, Maracay, Venezuela; MUSM-
cultured by me except for those secured by my Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru; MNRJ -
former field assistant, David Cavagnaro. Primary Museo Nacional Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; MZUSP -
types ofmost previously-named species were also Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo,
studied. All figures and photographs, except those Brazil;UNAM-InstitutoBiologia,UNAM,Mexico,
ofDominican Amber fossils, were made by me. In DF; NMQ - Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Quito,
some cases, previously-published figures are in- Ecuador; PUCE - Pontiflcia Universidad Catolica
cluded. Thedrawings,notequalinscale,usuallyomit delEcuador,Quito;USNM-UnitedStatesNational
setaeeventhoughthese—mayprovetobeusefulchar- Museum, Washington.
actersinfuturestudies particularlyindistinguish-
Explanation ofterminalia and wingsymbols:
ingclosely relatedspecies. The drawings werepro- 9 = ninth abdominal tergite; 10 L = lefthemitergite
ducedoveraperiodofyears. I nowusepencil-shad- ofabdominalsomite 10, 10 LP=itsprocess; 10R=
ing to indicate degrees ofsclerotization. Membra- right hemitergite of 10, 10 RP = its process; MS =
nous, intersclerotal areas are stippled. Whenever medial sclerite ofsomite 10; MF = medial flap, (a
possible, color descriptions are based on live or portion ofwhich may include process of 10 R); EP
mtfirooeunsn,hltyse-tdkuidlilineedCdassnppaeecdicamieBmnaesln.ssaFmoarreocnlKamrOiiHtcy-rcaolnsedcaopprreeedsselriavdnaed-s n=aintedep)i,RpPHroPPcTt=(=sitoslmeipftrtoeacne1sd1s);;riHGghO=t hp=ayrpgaaopnnradocprtoispu;hmyLs(Cin,is,n;tLhLCsP,tPerT=-
(coverslip supported to avoid crushing). segmentsofleftcercus. Wingveins: C=costa; RBS
Holotypes were selected from the largest series = radial blood sinus (RA); RP = posterior radius;
andparatypeshavealmostthesamereferencevalue MA and MP= branches ofmedia; CU = cubitus.
inasmuch as almost always they are from the
OCCASIONALPAPERSOFTHECALIFORNIAACADEMYOFSCIENCES,NO 54
1
CHECKLIST OF THE FAMILY ANISEMBIIDAE
Subfamily Anisembiinae Ross Tribe Poinarembiini, new
Tribe Stenembiini, new Genus Poinarembia, new
Genus Stenembia Ross rotan. sp., Dominican Amber
symmetrica (Ross), Colombia Subfamily Scolembiinae, new
perenensis Ross, Peru Genus Scolemhia, new
exigua Ross, Amazon Basin celatan. sp., Bolivia: Yungas
Genus Ectyphocerca, new penain. sp., Bolivia: Yungas
aureatan. sp., Peru Subfamily Aporembiinae, new
Genus Mesembia Ross Genus Aporembia, new
hospes (Myers), Cuba sturmi n. sp., Colombia
pico n. sp., Cuba Subfamily Chorisembiinae, new
venosa (Banks), Cuba Genus Chorisembia, new
Genus Phallosembia, new howdenin. sp., Trinidad
andinan. sp., Ecuador Subfamily Platyembiinae, new
Genus Isosembia Ross, new Genus Platyembia, new
aequalis (Ross), SE Brazil tessellata n. sp.. Western Amazonia
Tribe Saussurembini, new Subfamily Cryptembiinae, new
Genus Saussurembia Davis Genus Cryptembia. new
davisiRoss, Costa Rica amazonican. sp., NE Brazil
albicauda Ross,Panama paraensisn. sp., NE Brazil
Tribe Anisembiini, new manauraran. sp.. Central Amazonia
Genus Anisembia Krauss caprilesin. sp., S Venezuela
texana(Melander), Texas, NE Mexico multicolorn. sp., Peru
Genus Glyphembia, new macoae n. sp., S Colombia
chamulae (Ross), Mexico: Chiapas rondonian. sp., Brazil: Rondonia
juarenzis (Marino and Marques), fuscan. sp., Peru
Mexico: Puebla anandra n. sp., (Insertae Sedis), Colombia
taepaen. sp., Mexico: Chiapas Subfamily Chelicercinae Ross
amberican. sp., Dominicam amber Genus Brasilembia, new
catemacoa (Ross), Mexico: Vera Cruz beckeri, n. sp., SE Brazil
guatemalae n. sp., Guatemala Genus Schizembia Ross
haitiana(Ross), Haiti grandis Ross, Venezuela
dominicana n. sp., Dominican Republic bryophila, n. sp., Venezuela
vetehae (Szumik), Dominican amber callani Ross, Trinidad
Genus Bulbocerca Ross guanare, n. sp., Venezuela
sini(Chamberlin). Mexico: Baja colombiana, n. sp., Colombia
California, Sonora hirsuta, n. sp., Trinidad
nigran. sp., Mexico: Baja California Chelicercinae of Mexico
fulva Ross, Mexico: Baja California Genus Chelicerca Ross
minuta n. sp., Mexico: Baja California Dampfi Group
Tribe Exochosembini, new dampfi Ross, Mexico: Chiapas
Genus Kxochosembia, new Wheeleri Group
cavagnaroin. sp., Guatemala wheeleri(Melander), Mexico: Guerrero
unicolorn. sp., Honduras guerreroan. sp., Mexico: Guerrero
Genus Pogonembia, new albitarsan. sp., Mexico: Oaxaca
motaguae, n. sp., Guatemala amatitlanan. sp., Mexico: Puebla
neovenosa(Marino), Mexico: Puebla tantillan. sp., Mexico: Puebla-Oaxaca
ROSS: EMBIA,BIOSYSTEMATICSOFTHEORDEREMBIIDINA, PARTS
semirubran. sp., Mexico: Puebla-Oaxaca Ruficollis Group
trican. sp., Mexico: Puebla ruficoUis (Saussure), Panama
lutean. sp., Mexico: Guerrero brunneicollis Ross, Panama
semilutean. sp., Mexico: Morelos microspina Ross, Panama
Nodulosa Group villaneillyan. sp., Costa Rica
davisi (Ross), Mexico: Vera Cruz inbio n. sp., Costa Rica
heymonsi(Enderlein), Mexico: Oaxaca auricollis Ross, Panama
chamelaensis (Marino and Marquez), paraisoa n. sp., Costa Rica
Mexico: Jalisco matagalpae n. sp., Nicaragua
nodulosa Ross, Mexico: Vera Cruz Esteli Group
chamulae n. sp., Mexico: Chiapas estelin. sp., Nicaragua
Maxima Group Yojoa Group
maxima Ross, Mexico: Guerrero yojoa n. sp., Honduras
Spinosa Group Alpina Group
spinosa Ross, Mexico: Chiapas, alpina n. sp.. El Salvador
N Guatemala guatemalaen. sp., Guatemala
Jaliscoa Group Chelicercinae of South America
jaliscoa Ross, Mexico: Jalisco Genus Chelicerca Ross
Genus Dactylocerca Ross Minuta Group
Rubra Group minuta (Ross), Colombia
NW
rubra(Ross), Baja California, Galapagensis Group
SWUSA
galapagensis Ross, Galapagos Is.
ashworthiRoss, SE Arizona Acuta Group
sancarlosa n. sp., Mexico: Sonora acuta n. sp., Colombia
Ferruginea Group tigre Szumik, Argentina
ferruginea n. sp., Mexico: Sonora Rioensis Group
Multispiculata Group rioensis n. sp., Brazil: Rio
multispiculata Ross, 1984, Mexico: Nimba Group
Jalisco nimba n. sp., Ecuador
ftavicollis Ross, Mexico: Zacntecas Monticola Group
xanthosoman. sp., Mexico: Jalisco monticolan. sp., Ecuador
durangoa n. sp., Mexico: Durango spicidatan. sp., Peru
chihuahuae n. sp., Mexico: Chihuahua Rondonia Group
Parva Group rondonian. sp., Brazil: Rondonia
parvan. sp., Mexico: Sonora Loma Group
sonoraen. sp., Mexico: Sonora loma n. sp., Peru: Loma Zone
GenusPelorembia Ross Spathula Group
SW
tumidiceps Ross, Mexico: Guerrero spathulan. sp., Ecuador
Chelicerca of Mesoamerica Andesina Group
Maya Group andesinan. sp., NW Peru
maya n. sp., Nicaragua, Guatemala, Barbara Group
W
Honduras barbara Szumik, Argentina
montazuln. sp., Costa Rica Genus OncosembiaRoss, new
biarmatan. sp., Brazil: Bahia
— —
OCCASIONALPAPERSOFTHECALIFORNIAACADEMYOFSCIENCES,NO 154
Family Anisembiidae Davis segmented, without lobes or echinulation, through
a two-segmented condition with lobes and
Anisembiidae Davis, 1940c;535; 1940d:681.—Ross,
1940b:642; 1944:434.—Dennis, 1949:742.— echinulations, thence, to a long, arcuate, single seg-
Kaltenbach, 1968:4.—Ross, 1970:169; 1984b:19. mentalmostwithouttraceoffusion(or"absorption")
Szumik, 1996:51 (cladogram). oftheapicalsegment. Femalesandnymphsnothav-
ing special family characters except in the consis-
Mesembiinae Ross, 1940b:643 (Type genus: Mesembia tency ofthe single papilla on the basitarsus.
Ross); 1944:435 (asan invalid category). —
Discussion. Consideringthegreatdiversity of
Anisembiinae Ross, 1940b:649 (Type genus:
terminalia structure in this family, the consistency
Anisembia Krauss); 1944:435 (as an invalid con-
of unifying characters (the apically non-dentate
cept); 1984b:19 (reinstated). MA
mandibles, the unbranched vein, and the lack
Typegenus. AnisembiaKrauss, 1911,byorigi- ofa second basitarsal papilla) is surprising. Except
nal designation. possibly for the genus Chorisembia, I am satisfied
—
Distribution. Confined to Neotropical region thatthe family is anatural groupandthatitscharac-
except for limited extension into south-central and ters haven't resulted from convergence. The num-
southwestern United States. Occurs in awide range ber and diversity ofgenera indicate great antiquity
ofenvironments from rain foresttodesert, sealevel forthe family and, therefore, it is remarkablethat it
to high altitude. apparently doesn't occur in the Old World.
—
Description. Males: Highlydiversified, apter- The non-dentate mandibles of adult males, al-
ous or alate: moderately large to very small (body though seeminglyasuperficial feature, isone ofthe
length 6-20 mm); having the following characters bestcharacters forrecognizingthe family. Theonly
in common; mandibular apices simple, acute, i.e., non-anisembiidmalesoftheorderwithsimilarman-
lacking multiple apical dentation; however, some dibles belong to a few genera of West African
species have mandibles with great molar develop- Scelembiinae (family Embiidae) and to some
mentandsubapicalprojections,e.g., amedial flange undescribed American species of Teratembiidae.
onthe leftmandiblewhich isn'thomologousto api- Such similarity is due to convergence, not relation-
cal dentation. Submentum, with one exception, al- ship.
ways weakly sclerotizedwith margins not inflexed, Asaresultofextensivefieldworkthroughoutthe
(submentum sclerotic, shield-like, only in range ofAnisembiidae, 1 haveamassed avery large
Chorisembia n. gen., of Trinidad). Wings, when collection representing many species, old and new.
MA
present,with alwaysunforked;venationsimple Some can be assigned to clearly defined generabut
with few, ifany, cross-veins. Hindbasitarsusalways many form "peaks and valleys" of relationsh—ip
lacking a medial (second) papilla. Abdominal which, ofcourse, makes classification difficult
terminalia varying from near-symmetry (with left especially ifcladisticanalysisisattempted. Thesame
cercus identical tothe right), to greatcomplexity in problem exists inthedefinition ofsupergeneric cat-
all structures, including "absorption" of the distal egories, such as tribes and subfamilies. Paradoxi-
segment ofthe left cercus into the basal segment. cally,thericherthecollection,themoredifficultthe
Tenth tergite partially to completely cleft; right task ofclassification.
hemitergite(10R)withoutadefiniteflap(MF),how-
ever, MF may be associated with the epiproct (EP) Basedonanempirical(=experiential)approach,
which often is a narrow sclerite closely appressed, notcladistics, Ihavedevelopedaserviceableclassi-
or fused, to inner side of the right hemitergite; fication which, ofcourse, is far from satisfactory,
hypandrium process (HP) varying from nearobso- and, subjecttomodification basedon yet-to-be-dis-
lescenceto great size and complexity with second- covered species. Because ofshortness oftime, and,
ary, often echinulate, lobes. Ejaculator\' duct often in consideration ofmore significantinvestigations I
with elongate, gonapophyses (GO) on each side. face with other sections ofthe order, I am not, at
Paraprocts (LPPT, RPPT) attimes large, symmetri- thistimedescribingall closely related species, such
cal,butusuallywithreducedscleritesneverbearing as those in my genera Glyphembia and Chelicerca
processes or lobes. Left cercus varying from two- (ofwhich I have seventy-five species).
—
ROSS EMBIA,BIOSYSTEMATICSOFTHEORDEREMBIIDINA, PARTS
—
KEY TO SUBFAMILIES OF ANISEMBIIDAE Medial cleftnarrow, often basally closed. Epi-
(Adult males) proctsclerite(EP), ifbroad, itisbroadlyattached
1. Submentumsclerotic,shield-like;allofitsmar- to 10Rbutusuallyitisslenderandentirelyfused
gins, includingthe anterior, are inflexed (as in toinnersideof10R;neverwithamicrospiculate
Oligotoma); anterior angles produced. Known elevation across its base. Body usually longer
only from Trinidad Chorisembiinae than 5 mm. Widespread in Neotropical region
—
Submentum weakly sclerotized, quadrate; all and south-central USA 6
margins, especially the anterior, weak, not in- 6. Large, body length at least 12 mm. Epiproct
flexed; anterior angles not produced 2 sclerite (EP) large, broad, entirely fused to
2. Inner side of right hemitergite (10R)bearing lOR on its rightside. Right process (10 RP)
two large, sclerotic, caudally-arcuated "claws" acutelytaperedtoafinepoint(asin Oligotoma).
(MF?). Cercussegmentsslender,elongate; lobe Known only from Yungas zone of eastern
ofbasal segment ofleft cercus medial. Known — Boliva Scolembiinae
only from upper Amazon Basin Sizesmalltomoderate,bodylengthusuallyless
mm
— Platyembiinae than 1 . Epiproctsclerite(EP)usuallysmall
Innersideof10Rwithout"claws." Cercusseg- orobsoletebut, iflarge, it is fusedto 1 R only
mentsofnormalshapeandlength; lobeofbasal at its base. Rightprocess (10 RP) usually apic-
segment, if present, terminal or subterminal. ally spatulate ortruncate. Widespread inNeo-
Extensive distribution 3 tropics Anisembiinae
3. Epiproct sclerite (EP) attached to lOR near Subfamily Anisembiinae Ross
irmerapexofprocess 1 RP; itsanteriorextrem-
ity usually bearing an upturned, narrow, scle- Anisembiinae Ross, 1940b:649; Ross, 1944:434 (as an
rotic projection. Adjacent surface of 10 R invalidconcept); 1984b:19(redefined andreinstated).
usually with a sclerotic, often nodulose area. Mesembiinae Ross, 1940b:643 (type genus Mesembia
Amazon Basin and N South America Ross, 1940a); 1944:434 (as an invalid concept).
Cryptembiinae
— Type genus. Anisembia Krauss, by original
Epiproct sclerite, if developed, otherwise at- designation.
tached or fused to 10 R; its anterior extremity —
without an upturned projection. Adjacentsur- Distribution. New World: South-central
face of10 Rwithoutasclerotic, nodulose area. U.S.A., southward throughoutNeotropical region.
—
4
Description. Malesusuallysmall(bodylength
4. Basal segment of right cercus with basal rim averaging less than 10 mm); alate or apterous,
sclerotized, usually asymmetrically flared. Hy- vestiture ofnormal length. Mandibles highly vari-
pandrium lobe(HP) broad, apex sclerotized, able, from shortand simple to great elongation and
usually bearing a sclerotic point or hook. enlargement ofmolar (basal) portion. Submentum
Righttergal apex (10 RP), orcurvature, bear- never heavily sclerotized, margins never inflexed.
ing one or more hooks or"talons" Tenth abdominal tergite rarely cleft to base. Left
— Chelicercinae tergal process (10 LP) always simple, apex attimes
Basalrim ofrightcercus weakly, ifat all scle- weakly sclerotized. Right tergal process (10 RP)
rotized;neverflared. Hypandrium lobesimple, usuallyabruptlynarrowed; apexbroad,blunt, often
unarmed, weakly sclerotized. Righttergal apex truncate. Epiproct sclerite (EP) usually narrow and
unarmed; or, usually truncate, blunt ortapered completely fused to inner side ofright hemitergite
to a sharp point 5 but at times broad; never with "talons" or spicula-
5. Medial cleft of tenth abdominal tergite very tion at base (such complexities are perhaps always
broad. Epiproct sclerite (EP) large, linked to homologsofthemedialflap). Hypandrium lobe(HP)
inner side of 10 R at base; bearing a micro- weaklydeveloped,broadcaudally,withoutsclerotic
spiculate, translucent elevation across its base. rim, spiculations, lobes or other peculiarities.
Smallspecies(body lengthabout5 mm)known Paraprocts (LPPTand RPPT) attimes subequal but
only from Rio Magdalena Valley ofColombia. in manyspeciestherightisobsolete. Basal segment
". Aporembiinae of left cercus with or without an inner, echinulate
. 1
OCCASIONALPAPERSOFTHECALIFORNIAACADEMYOFSCIENCES,NO 154
lobe; distal segment often fused to the basal. Basal KEY TO TRIBES AND GENERA
segment ofright cercus with base circular, usually OF ANISEMBIINAE
weakly sclerotized. Females without apparent (Adultmales)
subfamilial characters. 1 Basalsegmentofleftcercusunlobed,formsimi-
—
Discussion. This subfamilywasfirstproposed larto that ofright cercus; distal segment never
over sixty years ago when very few species of — fusedto the basal 1
Anisembiidaewereknown. Itsdefinitionwasbased Basalsegmentofleftcercus lobed,thelobeusu-
on the absence ofarticulation between the two left ally echinulate; distal segment occasionally
cercus segments. Now, with an abundance ofnew fused to the basal 2
taxa, it is realized that there are many degrees of 2. Lobe of left cercus large, hemispherical, flat-
articulation reduction ofthe distal segment during tened;echinulationslarge,onasingleplane, like
its "absorption" within the basal segment. This is cogs ofa cogwheel. Dominican Amber fossil.
often referred to as "fitsion." Because a "one seg- (Poinarembiini) Poinarembia
mented" cercus is a more effective clasper during —
Lobe of left cercus moderate sized, merelya
copulation, it shouldn'tbe surprisingthat the adap- swelling,oraglobularprojection. Whenechinu-
tationappearsindependently,throughconvergence,
on many unrelated evolutionary lines. Therefore, it tleatree.d.thWeiedcehsipnurleaatdioAnmsearriecsamnalgle,nrearna,doimnlcylusdciantg-
shouldbe usedwithgreatcaution in cladisticanaly-
two amber fossil species 3
sis. It can even appear intragenerically. or
intraspecifically. However, attimes it can be a con- 3. Both paraprocts well defined, large, elongate,
sistent, valid character, e.g., in the family almost equal in size. SE Brazil. (Isosembiini)
Isosembia
Australembiidae. —
Rightparaproctusuallypoorlydefined;attimes
Itshouldbenotedthataone-segmentedleftcer-
obsolete, or represented only by fragmentary
cusneveroccurs in families, such as Teratembiidae
and Oligotomidae, which apparently never use the sclerites. Widespread in Neotropical region . 4
entire leftcercus asacopulatory clasper. Instead, in 4. Clypeal margin heavily sclerotized, projected
such families, inner processes and lobes on the left forward,especiallyonouterangles. Guatemala,
Honduras. (Exochembiini) Exochembia
cercus basipodite assist clasping, therefore the left —
cercus is always two-segmented. Clypeal margin not sclerotic or projected 5
As here defined, the subfamily may prove to be 5. Left tergal process(10 LP) very broad, diago-
a"catch-all"formanyunrelatedgeneravar\ingfrom nally striate, bearinga tuft of prominent wavy
nearly complete terminalia symmetry' to complex setae on innercaudal margin, which arisefi^om
asymmetry'. Plesiomorphiccharacters include: sym- tightly clumped setal sockets. Mexico, Guate-
metn,' ofthe cerci; nearsymmetry and simplicity of — mala. (Exochembiini) Pogonembia
tergal processes and paraprocts: a broad, semi-de- Lefttergal process (1 LP) narrow, without a
tachedepiproctsclerite;andstrongerwingveinswith tuft ofsetae on inner-apical margin 6
more cross-veins. Apomorphic characters include: 6. Epiproctsclerite(EP)broad,attimesdiagonally
basal segment ofleft cercus lobed and echinulated transverse; usually separated from inner mar-
andfused;complex lefttergalprocess(1 LP); right ginofrighthemitergite(1 R)byasmall, mem-
paraproct (RPPT) obsolete, or its fragment fusedto branous interval 7
hypandrium (H); epiproct (EP) ver>' slender, fused —
Epiproctscleriteveryslender,usuallysclerotic;
to, or tightly-appressed to, inner margin of right closely aligned or fused to inner sideof10R
hemitergite (10 R). Wings more slender with great
9
reduction ofvein-strength and fewer cross-veins; a
tendency for the radial blood sinus (RBS) to slant 7. Leftmandiblewithaconspicuous,obtuse, ang-
into costal margin before wing apex. Unfortunately ularflangeon incurvaturebasadofapicalpoint.
for a cladistic analysis, the above characters often Scentral USA and NE Mexico. (Anisembiini)
Anisembia
intermix within agenus, oratribe. —
Leftmandibleevenlyincurved,withoutaflange
Tentatively,the subfamiK'sgeneraaregrouped
in seventribes identified bymeans ofthe following
key.