Embedded Systems Architecture: A Comprehensive Guide for Engineers and Programmers

657 Pages·2005·7.6 MB·English

by  Tammy Noergaard

Embedded Systems Architecture
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Embedded Systems Architecture
A Comprehensive Guide for Engineers and Programmers
By
Tammy Noergaard
AMSTERDAM(cid:1) BOSTON(cid:1) HEIDELBERG (cid:1) LONDON
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Dedication
To theengineerand manIrespectandadmirethemost,
myfather,
Dr. Al M. Zied
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Contents
Foreword...................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................xiii
About the Author...................................................................................................xiv
Section I: Introduction to Embedded Systems..............................................1
Chapter 1: A Systems Engineering Approach to Embedded Systems Design.......5
1.1 WhatIsanEmbeddedSystem?...........................................................................................5
1.2 EmbeddedSystemsDesign..................................................................................................7
1.3 AnIntroductiontoEmbeddedSystemsArchitecture..........................................................9
1.4 WhyIstheArchitectureofanEmbeddedSystemImportant?...........................................11
1.5 TheEmbeddedSystemsModel.........................................................................................12
1.6 Summary............................................................................................................................13
Chapter1Problems..................................................................................................................15
Chapter 2: Know Your Standards...........................................................................17
2.1 AnOverviewofProgrammingLanguagesandExamplesofTheirStandards..................30
2.2 StandardsandNetworking.................................................................................................46
2.3 MultipleStandards-BasedDeviceExample:DigitalTelevision(DTV) ...........................65
2.4 Summary............................................................................................................................67
Chapter2Problems..................................................................................................................69
Section II: Embedded Hardware..................................................................73
Chapter 3: Embedded Hardware Building Blocks and the Embedded Board......77
3.1 LessonOneonHardware:LearntoReadaSchematic!....................................................77
3.2 TheEmbeddedBoardandthevonNeumannModel.........................................................82
3.3 PoweringtheHardware......................................................................................................87
3.4 BasicHardwareMaterials:Conductors,Insulators,andSemiconductors.........................89
3.5 CommonPassiveComponentsonBoardsandinChips:Resistors,Capacitors,
andInductors......................................................................................................................93
3.6 SemiconductorsandtheActiveBuildingBlocksofProcessorsandMemory.................101
3.7 PuttingItAllTogether:TheIntegratedCircuit(IC)........................................................117
3.8 Summary..........................................................................................................................121
Chapter3Problems................................................................................................................122
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Contents
Chapter 4: Embedded Processors..........................................................................129
4.1 ISAArchitectureModels.................................................................................................131
4.2 InternalProcessorDesign................................................................................................145
4.3 ProcessorPerformance....................................................................................................203
4.4 ReadingaProcessor’sDatasheet.....................................................................................206
4.5 Summary..........................................................................................................................218
Chapter4Problems................................................................................................................219
Chapter 5: Board Memory.....................................................................................223
5.1 Read-OnlyMemory(ROM)............................................................................................227
5.2 Random-AccessMemory(RAM)....................................................................................232
5.3 AuxiliaryMemory...........................................................................................................242
5.4 MemoryManagementofExternalMemory....................................................................247
5.5 BoardMemoryandPerformance.....................................................................................249
5.6 Summary..........................................................................................................................250
Chapter5Problems................................................................................................................251
Chapter 6: Board I/O (Input/Output)....................................................................253
6.1 ManagingData:Serialvs.ParallelI/O ...........................................................................257
6.2 InterfacingtheI/OComponents......................................................................................277
6.3 I/OandPerformance........................................................................................................280
6.4 Summary..........................................................................................................................282
Chapter6Problems................................................................................................................283
Chapter 7: Board Buses..........................................................................................287
7.1 BusArbitrationandTiming.............................................................................................289
7.2 IntegratingtheBuswithOtherBoardComponents.........................................................299
7.3 BusPerformance..............................................................................................................300
7.4 Summary..........................................................................................................................301
Chapter7Problems................................................................................................................302
Section III: Embedded Software Introduction...........................................307
Chapter 8: Device Drivers......................................................................................311
8.1 Example1:DeviceDriversforInterrupt-Handling.........................................................315
8.2 Example2:MemoryDeviceDrivers ..............................................................................332
8.3 Example3:On-boardBusDeviceDrivers......................................................................351
8.4 BoardI/ODriverExamples.............................................................................................358
8.5 Summary..........................................................................................................................379
Chapter8Problems................................................................................................................380
Chapter 9: Embedded Operating Systems...........................................................383
9.1 WhatIsaProcess?...........................................................................................................388
9.2 MultitaskingandProcessManagement...........................................................................390
9.3 MemoryManagement......................................................................................................421
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Contents
9.4 I/OandFileSystemManagement...................................................................................435
9.5 OSStandardsExample:POSIX(PortableOperatingSystemInterface).........................437
9.6 OSPerformanceGuidelines.............................................................................................439
9.7 OSesandBoardSupportPackages(BSPs)......................................................................440
9.8 Summary..........................................................................................................................441
Chapter9Problems................................................................................................................442
Chapter 10: Middleware and Application Software............................................445
10.1WhatIsMiddleware?.....................................................................................................445
10.2WhatIsanApplication?.................................................................................................447
10.3MiddlewareExamples....................................................................................................447
10.4ApplicationLayerSoftwareExamples..........................................................................484
10.5Summary........................................................................................................................498
Chapter10Problems..............................................................................................................499
Section IV: Putting It All Together: Design and Development.................505
Chapter 11: Defining the System—Creating the Architecture and
Documenting the Design.................................................................................509
11.1CreatinganEmbeddedSystemArchitecture.................................................................510
Stage1:HaveaSolidTechnicalFoundation...................................................................511
Stage2:KnowtheABCs(ArchitectureBusinessCycles)ofEmbeddedSystems..........512
Stage3:DefinetheArchitecturalPatternsandReferenceModels..................................523
Stage4:DefinetheArchitecturalStructures....................................................................530
Stage5:DocumenttheArchitecture................................................................................533
Stage6:AnalyzeandEvaluatetheArchitecture..............................................................535
11.2Summary........................................................................................................................537
Chapter11Problems..............................................................................................................538
Chapter 12: The Final Phases of Embedded Design: Implementation
and Testing........................................................................................................541
12.1ImplementingtheDesign...............................................................................................541
12.1.1 TheMainSoftwareUtilityTool:WritingCodeinanEditororIDE...................542
12.1.2 Computer-AidedDesign(CAD)andtheHardware............................................543
12.1.3 TranslationTools—Preprocessors,Interpreters,Compilers,andLinkers...........545
12.1.4 DebuggingTools..................................................................................................548
12.1.5 SystemBoot-Up...................................................................................................555
12.2QualityAssuranceandTestingoftheDesign................................................................563
12.3Conclusion:MaintainingtheEmbeddedSystemandBeyond.......................................566
Chapter12Problems..............................................................................................................567
Appendix A: Projects and Exercises......................................................................571
SectionIProjects...................................................................................................................574
SectionIIProjects..................................................................................................................578
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