Elementary Processes in Organic Photovoltaics

423 Pages·2017·21.414 MB·English

by  Karl Leo (eds.)

Advances in Polymer Science 272
Karl Leo Editor
Elementary
Processes in
Organic
Photovoltaics
272
Advances in Polymer Science
EditorialBoard
A.Abe,Yokohama,Kanagawa,Japan
A.-C.Albertsson,Stockholm,Sweden
G.W.Coates,Ithaca,NY,USA
J.Genzer,Raleigh,NC,USA
S.Kobayashi,Kyoto,Japan
K.-S.Lee,Daejeon,SouthKorea
L.Leibler,Paris,France
T.E.Long,Blacksburg,VA,USA
M.Möller,Aachen,Germany
O.Okay,Istanbul,Turkey
V.Percec,Philadelphia,PA,USA
B.Z.Tang,HongKong,China
E.M.Terentjev,Cambridge,UK
P.Theato,Hamburg,Germany
M.J.Vicent,Valencia,Spain
B.Voit,Dresden,Germany
U.Wiesner,Ithaca,NY,USA
X.Zhang,Beijing,China
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Karl Leo
Editor
Elementary Processes
in Organic Photovoltaics
123
Editor
KarlLeo
TechnischeUniversitaRtDresden
Dresden,Germany
ISSN0065-3195 ISSN1436-5030 (electronic)
AdvancesinPolymerScience
ISBN978-3-319-28336-4 ISBN978-3-319-28338-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-28338-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016945019
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Preface
Thetransition to renewableenergiesis oneof the mostimportantandchallenging
tasks for humankind:On the one hand, the emission of carbon dioxide induces a
climate change with negative consequencesthat are already visible today. On the
otherhand,thelimitedreserveoffossilfuelswillnotbeable toprovidesufficient
suppliesfortheworld’sgrowingenergydemand.
One of the most elegant principles of renewable energy generation is pho-
tovoltaics: They convert the most abundant energy source, light from the sun,
directlyintoelectricalenergy.Thelasttwodecadeshaveseenarapiddevelopment
in photovoltaics, leading to an already significant worldwide deployment of the
technology.The currentmarketleader is crystalline silicon technology,which has
many advantages such as its high efficiency and stability. Nevertheless, there is a
strongdrivefornoveltechnologiesthatcouldopenupnewapplicationareas.
One technologywith excellentpotentialis organicphotovoltaics:This technol-
ogyisbasedoncarboncompounds;thus,therawmaterialisvirtuallyinexhaustible.
Furthermore,organicphotovoltaicsallowflexiblemodulesonplasticfoilsubstrates,
whichcanbetransparentandhaveadjustablecolor.Theflexiblesubstratesandthe
easydepositionoforganicmaterialsbymethodssuchasprintingofferthepotential
forlow-costroll-to-rollproduction.Themainchallengesfororganicphotovoltaics
aretheirstillcomparablylowconversionefficienciesandlackofstability.
This book presents a collection of chapters summarizing a large collaborative
research effort of many groups: In the Schwerpunktprogramm (priority program)
1355 “Organic Photovoltaics” of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German
Research Foundation), more than 150 researchers during the years 2008–2015
investigatedthechemistry,physics,andengineeringaspectsofthistechnology.The
collaborative effort within this research program led to substantial improvements
andtoamuchbetterunderstandingoftheworkingprinciplesofthetechnology.
Atthebeginningoftheprogram,thebestefficienciesreportedfororganicsolar
cells were in the range of 6%. During the course of the program,the efficiencies
approximately doubled. The currently reported best value of 13.2% is partially
basedonworkperformedintheframeworkoftheprogramreportedhere.
v
vi Preface
Oneofthekeyaspectsofresearchonorganicphotovoltaicsisitsinterdisciplinar-
ity:Theworkstartswiththedesignofnewmolecules,whichisataskfortheoretical
physicsandchemistry,andcontinueswiththesynthesisofthematerialsbyorganic
chemistry. Characterization and device principles are subjects of physics, while
device design and module integrationare engineeringtasks. Accordingly,mostof
theindividualprojectsreportedinthechaptersofthisbookarebasedontheclose
collaborationofresearchersfromdifferentdisciplines,andthenewresultsreported
addressdiversesubjectssuchasnewmolecules,novelcharacterizationtechniques,
newdevicedesigns,andintegrationaspectssuchasnovelelectrodes.
I wishto thankthemanypersonswhomadetheSchwerpunktprogrammandits
publicationinthisbookapleasure:First,Iamgratefultothemanyresearcherswho
worked in a highly collaborative style on this challenging subject. I am glad that
manyof theyoungerresearchers(andin particularthe femalesamongthem)used
this work as a stepping stone in their career to academic positions. I thank those
colleagueswhohelpedtosuccessfullyapplyforthegrantproposal.Finally,Ithank
Dr.AnnettePolteforhercompetentcoordinationwork,Dr.MichaelMößleandDr.
Stefan Krückebergfromthe DFG, and Dr. Claus Ascheron fromthe publisherfor
theexcellentcollaboration.
Dresden,Germany KarlLeo
Contents
InsituStudiesofMorphologyFormationinSolution-Processed
Polymer–FullereneBlends ...................................................... 1
Esther Barrena,Felix Buss, Ana Perez-Rodriguez,Monamie
Sanyal,BenjaminSchmidt-Hansberg,MichaelF.G.Klein,Philip
Scharfer,WilhelmSchabel,andUliLemmer
Organic and Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Well-Defined
OrganicSemiconductorsandMorphologies.................................. 25
AmareshMishra,VolkerSchmidt,RenéA.J.Janssen,andPeter
Bäuerle
Dicyanovinylene-SubstitutedOligothiophenesforOrganic
SolarCells......................................................................... 51
ChristianKoerner,HannahZiehlke,RolandFitzner,MoritzRiede,
AmareshMishra,PeterBäuerle,andKarlLeo
Charge Separation at Nanostructured Molecular
Donor–AcceptorInterfaces ..................................................... 77
AndreasOpitz, Rupak Banerjee,Stefan Grob, MarkGruber,
AlexanderHinderhofer,UlrichHörmann,JuliaKraus,Theresa
Linderl,ChristopherLorch,AndreasSteindamm,AnnaKatharina
Topczak,AndreasWilke, NorbertKoch,Jens Pflaum, Frank
Schreiber,andWolfgangBrütting
OptoelectronicPropertiesofPCPDTBTforPhotovoltaics:
MorphologyControlandMolecularDoping.................................. 109
ElizabethvonHauff,EnricodaComo,andSabineLudwigs
InterplayBetweenMicroscopicStructureandIntermolecular
Charge-TransferProcessesinPolymer–FullereneBulk
Heterojunctions .................................................................. 139
VladimirDyakonov,HannesKraus,AndreasSperlich,Robert
Magerle,MarioZerson,andMartinDehnert
vii
viii Contents
Nanoscale Morphology from Donor–Acceptor Block
Copolymers:FormationandFunctions ....................................... 157
DavidHeinrich,MartinHufnagel,ChetanRajSingh,Matthias
Fischer,ShahidulAlam,HaraldHoppe,ThomasThurn-Albrecht,
andMukundanThelakkat
Donor–AcceptorDyesforOrganicPhotovoltaics............................. 193
AlhamaArjona-Esteban,MartinRobertLenze,KlausMeerholz,
andFrankWürthner
Controlled Morphologies by Molecular Design
andNano-ImprintLithography................................................ 215
ThomasPfadler,ClaudiaM.Palumbiny,WojciechPisula,
HolgerC.Hesse,XinliangFeng,KlausMüllen,
PeterMüller-Buschbaum,andLukasSchmidt-Mende
TuningSideChainandMainChainOrderinaPrototypical
Donor–Acceptor Copolymer: Implications for Optical,
Electronic,andPhotovoltaicCharacteristics ................................. 243
MarcelSchubert,JohannesFrisch,SybilleAllard,EduardPreis,
UllrichScherf,NorbertKoch,andDieterNeher
ChargeCarrierGeneration,Recombination,andExtractionin
Polymer–FullereneBulkHeterojunctionOrganicSolarCells.............. 267
FrédéricLaquai,DenisAndrienko,CarstenDeibel,andDieter
Neher
Controlling the Electronic Interface Properties in
Polymer–FullereneBulkHeterojunctionSolarCells......................... 293
T.Stubhan,N.Wolf,J.Manara,V.Dyakonov,andC.J.Brabec
Near-InfraredSensitizationofPolymer/FullereneSolarCells:
ControllingtheMorphologyandTransportinTernaryBlends ............ 311
TayebehAmeri,MichaelForster,UllrichScherf,andChristophJ.
Brabec
CriticalDimensionsinSmall-MoleculePlasmonicParticle
SolarCells......................................................................... 327
Till Jägeler-Hoheisel, JohannesBenduhn,Christian Körner,
andKarlLeo
SynthesisofConjugatedPolymerswithComplexArchitecture
forPhotovoltaicApplications................................................... 351
AntonKiriyandFrederikC.Krebs
ElectronicPropertiesofInterfaceswithOligo-andPolythiophenes....... 377
PetraTegeder
Contents ix
ImpactofChargeCarrierMobilityandElectrodeSelectivity
onthePerformanceofOrganicSolarCells ................................... 401
Annika Spies, Jeneke Reinhardt, Mathias List, Birger
Zimmermann,andUliWürfel
Index............................................................................... 419