Electronics Workshop Companion for Hobbyists

272 Pages·2015·5.434 MB·English

by  Stan Gibilisco

Electronics Workshop
Companion for
Hobbyists
Stan Gibilisco
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In memory of Jack,
mentor and friend
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About the Author
Stan Gibilisco, an electronics engineer and mathematician, has authored multiple
titles for the McGraw-Hill Demystified and Know-It-All series, along with numerous
other technical books and dozens of magazine articles. His work appears in several
languages. Stan has been an active Amateur Radio operator since 1966, and operates
from his station W1GV in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA.
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Contents
Introduction ................................................. xiii
1 Setting Up Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Workbench .................................................. 1
Multimeter .................................................. 4
Bonus Equipment ........................................... 8
Power Considerations ........................................ 11
Experiment: Dirty Electricity .................................. 15
2 Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Fixed Resistors .............................................. 21
Power Ratings ............................................... 23
Ohmic Values ............................................... 25
Tolerance ................................................... 25
Color Codes ................................................. 25
Variable Resistors ............................................ 28
Handy Math ................................................ 29
Experiment 1: Resistance of a Liquid ........................... 31
Experiment 2: Resistors in Series ............................... 35
Experiment 3: Ohm’s Law ..................................... 38
3 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
What Is Capacitance? ......................................... 43
Simple Capacitors ............................................ 44
Expressing Capacitance ....................................... 46
Fixed Capacitors ............................................. 46
Variable Capacitors .......................................... 49
Stray Capacitance ............................................ 51
Handy Math ................................................ 51
Experiment 1: Discharging a Capacitor .......................... 53
Experiment 2: Capacitance Measurement ....................... 60
4 Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
What Is Inductance? .......................................... 63
Simple Inductors ............................................. 64
vii
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viii Contents Contents ix
Expressing Inductance ........................................ 66
Coil Interaction .............................................. 66
Air Cores ................................................... 69
Ferromagnetic Cores ......................................... 69
Handy Math ................................................ 73
Experiment 1: Electromagnet .................................. 76
Experiment 2: Galvanometer .................................. 80
5 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Voltage Transformation ....................................... 85
Impedance Matching ......................................... 87
Autotransformers ............................................ 90
Transformers for AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
AF versus RF ................................................ 94
Experiment 1: Transformer Tests ............................... 95
Experiment 2: Back-to-Back Transformers ....................... 97
6 Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Characteristics ............................................... 101
Rectification ................................................. 103
Detection ................................................... 104
Frequency Multiplication ..................................... 105
Signal Mixing ............................................... 106
Switching ................................................... 107
Voltage Regulation ........................................... 107
Amplitude Limiting .......................................... 109
Frequency Control ........................................... 110
Oscillation and Amplification .................................. 111
Energy Conversion ........................................... 112
Experiment 1: Voltage Reducer ................................ 114
Experiment 2: Bridge Rectifier ................................. 116
7 Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Bipolar Transistors ........................................... 123
Basic Bipolar-Transistor Circuits ............................... 127
Field-Effect Transistors ....................................... 131
Metal-Oxide FETs ............................................ 137
Basic FET Circuits ............................................ 139
Experiment 1: Check a Bipolar Transistor ........................ 142
Experiment 2: Check a JFET ................................... 147
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viii Contents Contents ix
8 Integrated Circuits and Digital Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Advantages of IC Technology .................................. 153
Limitations of IC Technology .................................. 154
Linear ICs ................................................... 154
Digital ICs .................................................. 159
Component Density .......................................... 161
IC Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Microcomputers and Microcontrollers .......................... 163
Boolean Algebra ............................................. 164
Logic Gates ................................................. 166
Clocks ...................................................... 167
Flip-Flops ................................................... 168
Counters .................................................... 169
Experiment 1: Build an OR Gate ............................... 169
Experiment 2: Build an AND Gate .............................. 171
9 More Components and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Cells and Batteries ........................................... 173
Wire Splicing ................................................ 177
Soldering and Desoldering .................................... 179
Cords and Cables ............................................ 182
Plugs and Connectors ........................................ 186
Oscilloscope ................................................. 188
Spectrum Analyzer ........................................... 190
Frequency Counter ........................................... 192
Signal Generator ............................................. 193
Appendix A Schematic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Appendix B Prefix Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Appendix C Standard International Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . 213
Appendix D Electrical Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Appendix E Magnetic Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Appendix F Miscellaneous Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Appendix G American Wire Gauge (AWG) Diameters . . . . . . . . . 225
Appendix H British Standard Wire Gauge (NBS SWG)
Diameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
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