Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Handbook: Engineering Handbook

455 Pages·2013·6.46 MB·English

NAWCWD TP 8347
2013 Fourth Edition

Electronic Warfare
and Radar Systems

Engineering Handbook

A Comprehensive Handbook for
Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineers

Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Point Mugu, California

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release.
NAWCWD TP 8347
Fourth Edition

Electronic Warfare and
Radar Systems Engineering Handbook

by
Avionics Department

OCTOBER 2013

NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER WEAPONS DIVISION
POINT MUGU, CA 93042

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for
public release.
Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division

FOREWORD

This handbook is designed to aid electronic warfare and radar systems engineers in
making general estimations regarding capabilities of systems. This handbook is sponsored
by the NAVAIR Director of Electronic Warfare/Combat Systems Department. This fourth
edition updates technical information in Sections 3-7 and 3-8 from previous editions.

This document was reviewed for technical accuracy by Dr. Andrew Chen.

Approved by Under authority of
DR. R. E. SMILEY, NAVAIR Director M. MORAN
EW/Combat Systems Department RDML, U.S. Navy
30 September 2013 Commander

Released for publication by
S. O’NEIL
Director for Research and Engineering

NAWCWD Technical Publication 8347

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Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook (U)
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Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division
NAWCWD TP 8347
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14. ABSTRACT
(U) This handbook is designed to aid electronic warfare and radar systems engineers in making general estimations regarding
capabilities of systems. This handbook is sponsored by the NAVAIR Director of Electronic Warfare / Combat Systems Department.

15. SUBJECT TERMS
Aircraft Dynamics, Antenna, Data Transfer Busses, Electro-Optics and Infrared, Ethernet, Internet Protocol, Maneuverability,
Microwave Components, Polarization, Radar Equations, Radiation Patterns, Receiver Characteristics, Receiver Sensitivity, Receiver
Tests, Radio Frequency Components, RS-232 Interface, RS-422 Balanced Voltage Interface, RS-485 Interface, Transmission Control
Protocol
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CONTENTS
Section
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................. 1-1

FUNDAMENTALS
Constants, Conversions, and Characters ...................................................................................... 2-1
Mathematical Notation .................................................................................................................. 2-2
Frequency Spectrum ..................................................................................................................... 2-3
Decibel (dB) .................................................................................................................................. 2-4
Duty Cycle .................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Doppler Shift ................................................................................................................................. 2-6
Electronic Formulas ..................................................................................................................... 2-7
Missile and Electronic Equipment Designations .......................................................................... 2-8
Radar Horizon / Line of Sight ....................................................................................................... 2-9
Propagation Time / Resolution ................................................................................................... 2-10
Modulation .................................................................................................................................. 2-11
Transforms / Wavelets ................................................................................................................ 2-12

ANTENNAS
Antenna Introduction / Basics ....................................................................................................... 3-1
Polarization ................................................................................................................................... 3-2
Radiation Patterns ......................................................................................................................... 3-3
Frequency / Phase Effects of Antennas......................................................................................... 3-4
Antenna Near Field ....................................................................................................................... 3-5
Radiation Hazards ......................................................................................................................... 3-6
Active Electronically Scanned Arrays (AESA) ............................................................................ 3-7
Fractal Antennas ....................................................................................................................................... 3-8

RADAR EQUATIONS
Field Intensity and Power Density ................................................................................................ 4-1
Power Density .............................................................................................................................. 4-2
One-Way Radar Equation / RF Propagation ................................................................................. 4-3
Two-Way Radar Equation (Monostatic) ....................................................................................... 4-4
Alternate Two-Way Radar Equation ............................................................................................ 4-5
Two-Way Radar Equation (Bistatic) ............................................................................................ 4-6
Jamming to Signal (J/S) Ratio - Constant Power [Saturated] Jamming ........................................ 4-7
Burn-Through / Crossover Range ................................................................................................. 4-8
Support Jamming .......................................................................................................................... 4-9
Jamming to Signal (J/S) Ratio - Constant Gain (Linear) Jamming ............................................. 4-10
Radar Cross Section (RCS) ......................................................................................................... 4-11
Emission Control (EMCON) ..................................................................................................... 4-12
EW Jamming Techniques ........................................................................................................... 4-13

RADAR AND RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS & TEST
RF Atmospheric Absorption / Ducting ......................................................................................... 5-1
Receiver Sensitivity / Noise .......................................................................................................... 5-2
Receiver Types and Characteristics .............................................................................................. 5-3
Radar Modes ................................................................................................................................. 5-4
General Radar Display Types ....................................................................................................... 5-5
IFF - Identification - Friend or Foe ............................................................................................... 5-6
Receiver Tests ............................................................................................................................... 5-7
Signal Sorting and Direction Finding ........................................................................................... 5-8

i
MICROWAVE / RF COMPONENTS
Microwave Waveguides and Coaxial Cable ................................................................................. 6-1
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Reflection Coefficient
Return Loss / Mismatch Loss ............................................................................................ 6-2
Microwave Coaxial Connectors .................................................................................................... 6-3
Power Dividers and Directional Couplers .................................................................................... 6-4
Attenuators / Filters / DC Blocks .................................................................................................. 6-5
Terminations / Dummy Loads ...................................................................................................... 6-6
Circulators and Diplexers ............................................................................................................. 6-7
Mixers and Frequency Discriminators ......................................................................................... 6-8
Detectors ....................................................................................................................................... 6-9
RF / Microwave Amplifiers ........................................................................................................ 6-10
Signal Generation ....................................................................................................................... 6-11
Digital Processing Components .................................................................................................. 6-12
Microwave Measurements .......................................................................................................... 6-13

ELECTRO-OPTICS AND IR .................................................................................................................... 7-1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 7-1.1
Optical Spectrum ....................................................................................................................... 7-1.1
Radiometric Quantities and Terminology .................................................................................. 7-1.2
Photometric Quantities ............................................................................................................... 7-1.3
Basic Principles .......................................................................................................................... 7-1.4
Basic Radiant Power Relationships ........................................................................................... 7-1.5
Infrared Source Characteristics ................................................................................................ 7-1.10
Atmospheric Transmission ...................................................................................................... 7-1.14
EO Components and Sensors ................................................................................................... 7-1.16
IR Threats to Aircraft and Their Countermeasures .................................................................. 7-1.30
IRCM ....................................................................................................................................... 7-1.36
Lasers ....................................................................................................................................... 7-1.38
Fiber Optics .............................................................................................................................. 7-1.41
Laser Safety .................................................................................................................................. 7-2

AIRCRAFT DYNAMICS CONSIDERATIONS
Free Fall / Aircraft Drag ............................................................................................................... 8-1
Mach Number and Airspeed vs Altitude ....................................................................................... 8-2
Maneuverability ........................................................................................................................... 8-3
EMP / Aircraft Dimensions .......................................................................................................... 8-4

DATA TRANSFER BUSSES
Data Busses ................................................................................................................................... 9-1
RS-232 Interface ........................................................................................................................... 9-2
RS-422 Balanced Voltage Interface ............................................................................................. 9-3
RS-485 Interface ........................................................................................................................... 9-4
IEEE-488 Interface Bus (HP-IB/GP-IB) ...................................................................................... 9-5
MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Data Bus ................................................................................................ 9-6
Ethernet ......................................................................................................................................... 9-7
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol ....................................................................... 9-8

GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................ 10-1

ii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

a Acceleration or atto (10-18 multiplier) AFOTEC Air Force Operational T&E Center
A Ampere, Area, Altitude, Angstrom A/G Air-to-Ground
(Å), Antenna Aperture, or Aerial AGB Autonomous Guided Bomb
A-799 No evidence of failure report AGC Automatic Gain Control
A/A, A-A, AA Air-to-Air or Anti-Aircraft AGI Auxiliary General Intelligence
AA-() Air-to-Air missile number () (Intelligence-gathering Ship)
AAA Anti-Aircraft Artillery AGL Above Ground Level
AAAA Army Aviation Association of AGM Air-to-Ground Missile
America AGS Angle Gate Stealer
AAED Advanced Airborne Expendable AHWS Advanced Helicopter Weapons
Decoy System
AAM Air-to-Air Missile AI Artificial Intelligence, Air Intercept, or
AARGM Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Airborne Interceptor
Missile AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and
AAW Anti-Air Warfare Astronautics
A-BIT Automatic Built-in-Test AIC Air Intercept Control
ABM Air Breathing Missile or Anti-ballistic AIM Air Intercept Missile
Missile AIRLANT Commander, U.S. Naval Air Forces,
A/C Aircraft (also acft.) Atlantic Fleet
AC Alternating Current AIRPAC Commander, U.S. Naval Air Forces,
ACA Associate Contractor Agreement or Pacific Fleet
Airspace Coordination Area AJ Anti-jamming or Anti-Jam
ACAT Acquisition Category A-Kit Aircraft wiring kit for a system
ACC Air Combat Command (includes cabling, racks, etc. excluding
ACCB Aircraft Configuration Control Board WRAs)
Acft Aircraft (also A/C) ALC Air Logistics Center
ACLS Aircraft Carrier Landing System AM Amplitude Modulation
ACM Advanced Cruise Missile or Air AMD Aircraft Maintenance Department
Combat Maneuvering AMES Advanced Multiple Environment
ACQ Acquisition Simulator
ACS Antenna Coupler Set AMLV Advanced Memory Loader/Verifier
ACTD Advanced Concept Technology Amp Amplifier
Demonstration AMRAAM Advanced, Medium-Range, Air-to-Air
A/D Analog to Digital Missile
ADM Advanced Development Model ANSI American National Standards Institute
ADP Automatic Data Processing or ANT Antenna
Advanced Development Program Ao Operational Availability
AEA Airborne Electronic Attack AO Acousto-Optical
AEC Aviation Electronic Combat (Army) AOA Angle of Arrival, Angle of Attack, or
AEGIS Automatic Electronic Guided Intercept Analysis of Alternatives (similar to
System COEA)
AEL Accessible Emission Limit AOC Association of Old Crows
AESA Active Electronically Scanned Array (Professional EW Society) or Award
AEW Airborne Early Warning of Contract
AF Antenna Factor, Air Force, or Audio AOT Angle Only Track, Angle Off Tail, or
Frequency Acquisition-on-Target
AFB Air Force Base or Airframe Bulletin APC Amphenol Precision Connector or
AFC Automatic Frequency Control or Armored Personnel Carrier
Airframe Change APN Aircraft Procurement, Navy
AFIPS Automated Financial Information APO Armed Forces (or Army or Air) Post
Processing System Office, Acquisition Program Office

1-1.1
APU Auxiliary Power Unit B Bandwidth (also BW) or Magnetic
AR Anti-reflection or Aspect Ratio inductance
ARM Anti-radiation Missile BAFO Best and Final Offer
ARO After Receipt of Order BAU Bus Adapter Unit
A/S, A-S, AS Air-to-Surface BC Bus Controller
ASC Air Systems Command BDA Battle Damage Assessment
ASCM Anti-ship Cruise Missile BDI Battle Damage Indication
ASE Aircraft Survivability (or Survival) BFO Beat Frequency Oscillator
Equipment, Allowable Steering Error, BI Background Investigation
or Automatic Support Equipment BIFF Battlefield Identification, Friend, or
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit Foe
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying BIT Built-in-Test, Binary Digit or
ASM Air-to-Surface Missile Battlefield Information Technology
ASO Aviation Supply Office BITE Built-in-Test Equipment
A-Spec System Specification BIU Bus Interface Unit
ASPJ Airborne Self-Protection Jammer B-Kit Avionics “Black Box” WRAs
ASPO Avionics Support (also Systems) B/N Bombardier/Navigator
Project Office (also Officer) BNC Bayonet Navy Connector
ASR Advanced Special Receiver or BOA Basic Ordering Agreement
Airport/Airborne Surveillance Radar BOL Swedish chaff dispenser in a launcher
ASRAAM Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air BPF Band Pass Filter
Missile BPS Bits Per Second
ASTE Advanced Strategic and Tactical BUMED Bureau of Medicine (Navy)
Expendables BUNO Bureau Number (aircraft)
ASW Anti-submarine Warfare BUR Bottom Up Review
ATA Advanced Tactical Aircraft BVR Beyond Visual Range
ATARS Advanced Tactical Air BW Beamwidth (referring to an antenna)
Reconnaissance System or sometimes Bandwidth
ATC Air Traffic Control BWA Backward Wave Amplifier
ATD Advanced Technology Demonstration BWO Backward Wave Oscillator
ATE Automatic Test Equipment
ATEDS Advanced Technology Expendables
and Dispenser Systems
ATF Advanced Tactical Fighter (F-22) c Speed of Light = 3x108 meters/sec =
ATIMS Airborne Turret Infrared Measurement 1.8x1012 furlongs per fortnight or 1.8
System or Airborne Tactical terafurlongs per fortnight, or centi
Information Management System (10-2) multiplier
ATIRCM Advanced Threat Infrared C Electron Charge, Coulomb,
Countermeasures Capacitance, Celsius, Centigrade,
ATP Acceptance Test Procedure Confidential, Roman numeral for 100,
ATR Autonomous Target Recognition, or a programming language (also C+
Airborne Transportable Rack, and C++)
Atlantic Test Range C2 Command and Control
ATRJ Advanced Threat Radar Jammer C3 (C4) Command, Control, Communications
AUTODIN Automatic Digital Network (and Computers)
AUX Auxiliary C3I (C4I) Command, Control, Communications,
avdp. Avoirdupois (system of measures) (Computers) and Intelligence
Avg Average CAD Computer-Aided Design
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System CAE Computer-Aided Engineering
AZ Azimuth (also Az) CAG Carrier Air Group
CAGE Commercial and Government Entry
CAIV Cost as an Independent Variable
CAL Calibration

1-1.2
CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing or CJ Coherent Jamming
Constant Addressable Memory CLC Command Launch Computer
CAO Competency Aligned Organization or cm Centimeter
Contract Administrative Officer CM Countermeasures or Configuration
CAP Combat Air Patrol Management
CAS Close Air Support or Calibrated CMC Command Mission Computer or
Airspeed Commandant Marine Corps
CASS Consolidated Automated Support CMDS Countermeasure Dispensing System
System CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide
CAT Catapult or Cockpit Automation Semiconductor
Technology CMP Configuration Management Plan
CB Citizens Band (also see Seabee) CMWS Common Missile Warning System
CBD Commerce Business Daily CNAF Commander, Naval Air Forces
CBIT Continuous Built-in-Test CNAL Commander, Naval Air Forces
CBO Congressional Budget Office Atlantic ( also COMNAVAIRLANT)
CCA Circuit Card Assembly CNAP Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific
CCB Configuration Control Board (also COMNAVAIRPAC)
CCD Charge Coupled Device CNI Communications, Navigation, and
CCM Counter-Countermeasures Identification
CCN Contract Change Number or CO Commanding Officer, Contracting
Configuration Change Notice Officer, Change Order, or Carbon
CCU Cockpit Control Unit Monoxide
cd Candela (SI unit of luminous COB Close of Business
intensity) COCOM Combatant Command
CD Compact Disk or Control and Display COEA Cost and Operational Effectiveness
CDC Combat Direction Center Analysis
CDR Critical Design Review COG Center of Gravity or Cognizant
CDRL Contract Data Requirements List COMM Communications
CE Conducted Emission COMSEC Communications Security
CECOM Communications and Electronics CONSCAN Conical Scanning Radar
Command (Army) CONUS Continental United States
CEESIM Combat Electromagnetic Environment CO-OP Cooperative (countermeasures)
Simulator COR Contracting Officers Representative
CEP Circular Error Probability CORPORAL Collaborative On-Line
CFA Cognizant Field Activity Reconnaissance
CFAR Constant False Alarm Rate Provider/Operationally Responsive
CFE Contractor Furnished Equipment Attack Link
CG Center of Gravity, Commanding Cos Cosine
General, Command Guidance, or COSRO Conical-Scan on Receive Only
Cruiser COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf
CI Configuration Item (hardware/software)
CIA Central Intelligence Agency CP Circularly Polarized (antenna), Central
CIC Combat Information Center (now Processor, or Command Post
called CDC) CPS Computer or Control Power Supply
CID Combat Identification or Charge (depends on application)
Injection Device CPU Central Processing Unit
CILOP Conversion in Lieu of Procurement CRC Originally Chemical Rubber
CINC Commander in Chief Company, now published reference
CIP Capital Improvement Program books by CRC Press
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CRFM Coherent RF Memory
(11 of 15 former Soviet Union CRISD Computer Resources Integrated
territories except Estonia, Georgia, Support Document
Latvia, and Lithuania) CRLCMP Computer Resources Life Cycle
CIWS Close-In Weapon System Management Plan

1-1.3