Table Of ContentElectronic Noses and Olfaction 2000
Sensors Series
Series Editor: B E Jones
Solid State Gas Sensors
Edited by P T Moseley and B C Tofield
Techniques and Mechanisms in Gas Sensing
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Hall Effect Devices
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Thin Film Resistive Sensors
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Biosensors: Microelectrochemical Devices
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Automotive Sensors
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Sensors and their Applications X
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Electronic Noses and Olfaction 2000
Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium
on Olfaction and Electronic Noses,
held in Brighton, UK, July 2000
Edited by
J W Gardner
University of Warwick
and
Krishna C Persaud
UMIST
Institute of Physics Publishing
Bristol and Philadelphia
Copyright 02000 by IOP Publishing Ltd and individual contributors. All rights resewed. No part of
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0 7503 0764 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available
Series Editor: Professor B E Jones, Brunel University
Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by the Institute of Physics, London
Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BSl 6BE, UK
US Ofice: Institute of Physics Publishing, The Public Ledger Building, Suite 1035, 150 South
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Printed in Great Britain by Bookcraft, Midsomer Norton
Preface
This book reflects the current state of progress towards the development and application
of electronic instruments called 'electronic noses' or, more recently, 'e-noses'. The
instruments are generally based on arrays of sensors for volatile chemicals with broadly
tuned selectivity, coupled to appropriatep attern recognition systems. They are capable of
detecting and discriminating a number of different simple and complex odours, such as
the headspace of coffee and olive oil, as well as being able to perform simple multi-
component gas analysis.
This book contains a series of papers based on material that was originally presented
at the 7th international symposium on olfaction and electronic noses (ISOEN 2000) held
in Brighton, UK, July 2000. This series of symposia was started up in 1994 by the e-nose
manufacturer Alpha MOS (France) to promote the field and further our understanding of
this complex subject. The Brighton symposium was attended by scientists, engineers,
technologist., clinicians dnd investigators, as well as instrument manufacturers, fiom
Asia, Europe and the USA - many of them working in the diverse areas of applied
research on e-noses - as well as those interested in the plethora of applications in
olfaction and taste.
The contributions covered a mixture of research and state-of-the-art papers on
numerous aspects of e-noses such as sensors, materials, sampling methods,
instrumentation and pattern recognition techniques, together with selected applications.
Consequently, this book provides a valuable up-date of the latest developments in the
field of electronic noses.
J W Gardner
University of Warwick
K C Persaud
UMIST
Contents
Preface v
Section 1: Odours, Taste and Physico-chemical Interactions 1
Oral malodour
S Nachnani
Taste quantification using the electronic tongue
A Legin, A Rudnitskqa, B Seleznev and Yu Vlasov
A boiling point model to describe conducting organic polymer gas sensor responses
R A Bissell, F-B Li, P Travers and K Persaud 23
Section 2: Sensors/Instrumentation 29
Low eequency A.C. polymeric gas sensor
G C do Mascimento, R Souto-Maior and C P de Melo 3 1
Characterisation of an electrodeposited conducting polymer FET array for vapour and
odour sensing
J A Covington, J W Gardner, C Toh, P N Bartlett, D Brian and N F de Rooij 35
Grading of coating materials from 2D-r-charts of gas sensor transient response to
microencapsulated flavour
z
A Setkus, R Bocevifiute,A Galdikas, Kancleris, D Senuliene and P R Venskutonis 43
Influence of nitrogen dioxide on the response of sputtered SnOz thin films to carbon
monoxide
D G Rickerby and M C Horrillo 49
Development of amperometric gas sensors for detection of N20i n low concentrations
Siswoyo, K C Persaud and V R Phillips 5 5
Integrating pervaporationw ith electronic nose for monitoring the muscatel aroma
production
C Pinheiro, T Schayer, C M Rodrigues, A Barros, S Rocha, I Delgadillo
and J G Crespo 6 1
Detecfion of TNT vapours with the Pico-1 nose
M Pardo, G P Benussi, G Niederjaufner, G Faglia and G Sberveglieri
Design and development of an electronicn ose system to control the processing of dry-
cured Iberian hams monitored via internet
M C Horrillo, I Sayago, M J Ferndndez, R Gdmez-Espinosa, A Blanco, L Otero, M
Garcia, L Arb and J Gutiirrez 75
Section 3: Data Processing 8 1
Methods for sensors selection in pattern recognition
A Pardo, S Marco, C Calaza, A Ortega, A Perera, T Sundic and JSamitier 83
Odour identification under drift effect
C Distante, T Artursson, P Siciliano, M Holmberg and I LundrtrLIm
Electronic noses using "intelligent" processing techniques
A Cremoncini, F Di Francesco, B Lazzerini, F Marcelloni, T Martin, S A McCoy,
L Semi and G Tselentis 97
An electronic nose for recognizing combustible gasesu sing thick film sensor army and
neural network
D-S Lee, J-S Huh, H-G Byun and D-D Lee 107
Application of a multilayer perceptron based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to
odour pattern classification and concentration estimation using odour sensing system
J-D Kim, H-G Byun and K C Persaud 115
Application of adaptiveR BF networks to odour classification using conducting polymer
sensor array
H-G Byun, N-Y Kim, K C Persaud, J-S Huh and D-D Lee 121
Fuzzy logic based classification of olive oils
G Bargagnu, B Lazzerini and A Partridge
Optimisation of an electronic nose for glycerine discrimination using the Taguchi
principle
W G Hansen, S C C Wiedemann, H van der Bol and VA L Wortel 133
Choice of a suitable e-nose output variable for the continuous monitoringo f an odour in
the environment
J Nicholas, A C Romain, D MonticeNi, J Maternova and Ph Andre' 141
D tfir reduction for metal-oxide sensor arrays using canonical correlation regressiona nd
partial least squares
R Gutierrez-Osuna 147
Sensor array data processingu sing a 2-D discrete cosine transform
B Naidoo and A D Broadhurst
Identification of pollutant gases and its concentrationsw ith a multisensorial arrangement
S Reich, R M Negri, A Lamagna and L Dori 159
Fuzzy logic processing in combined carbon monoxide and methane domestic gas alarm
T Sundit, A Perera, S Marco, A Pardo, A Ortega and J Samitier 165
Section 4: MedicalMicrobial 171
Effectiveness of an electronic nose for monitoring bacterial and fungal growth
S S Sch~$inan,D W Wyrick, R Gutierrez-Osuna and H TNagle 173
Investigation of the growth characteristics of E. coli using headspace analysis
R Esteves de Matos, D J Mason, C S Dow and J W Gardner 18 1
Detection of bacteria causing eye infections using a neural network based
electronic nose system
P Boilot, E L Hines, S John, J Mitchell, F Lopez, J W Gardner, E Llobet, M Hero,
C Fink and M A Gongora 189
Detection of dry rot in timbers using a hand-held electronic nose
P D Wareham, H Chueh, K C Persaud and J V Hafield
Techniques to allow the detection of oestrus in dairy cows with an electronic nose
T T Mottram, R M Lark, A J P Lane, D C Wathes, K C Persaud, M Swan
and J M Cooper 20 1
Section 5: Applications: Food, Agricultural and Environmental 209
A dedicated wheat odour quality measurement system
P Evans, K C Persaud, A S McNeish, R W Sneath, R Norris Hobson and N Magan 2 11
Rancidity investigation on olive oil: a comparison of multiple headspace analysis
using an electronic nose and GCMS
S H Hahn, M Frank and U Weimar 217
Discrimination between commercial and local olive oils by means of an electronic nose
S Capone, A Taurino, P Siciliano, R Rella, C Distante, L Vmanellia nd M Epifani 223
Classification of fresh edible oils with piezoelectric quartz crystal based
electronic nose
Z Ali, D James, W T 0 'Hare, F J Rowell, T Sarkodie-Gyan, S M Scott
and B J Theaker 229
Electronic nose based on conducting polymers for the quality control of the olive oil
aroma. Discrimination of quality, variety of olive and geographic origin
A Guadarrama, M L Rodriguez-Mkndez, C Sanz, J L Rios and J A de Saja 23 5
An automatic olfactory system for the assessment of the quality of Spanish olive oils
J Martinez, G Pioggia, F Di Francesco, M L Rodriguez-Mkndez and J A de Saja 24 1
Application of an electronic nose to the monitoring of a bio-technological process for
contaminated limes clean-up in an oil rendering plant
C Di Natale, A Macagnano, E MartineNi, C Falconi, E Galassi, R Paolesse
andA D 'Amico 247
Investigation of the use of a portable nose device in truffle industry
C N Rqnaud, M Doumenc-Faure, P J Pkbeyre and T Talou
Automatic milking: an experiment to inspect teats using an electronic nose
T T Mottram and K C Persaud 257
Analysis of off-flavours in raw cow's milk with a commercial gas-sensor system
J E Haugen, 0 Tomic, F Lundby, K Kvaal, E Strand, L Svela and K Jergensen 265
