Electron Transport in Quantum Dots

481 Pages·2003·16.431 MB·English

by  S. Tarucha, K. Ono, T. Fujisawa, W. G. van DerWiel (auth.), Jonathan P. Bird (eds.)

ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN
QUANTUM DOTS
ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN
QUANTUM DOTS
edited by
Jonathan P. Bird
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Electron Transport in Quantum Dots
Edited by Jonathan P. Bird
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4020-7459-2 ISBN 978-1-4615-0437-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0437-5
Copyright © 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 2003
Ali rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo
copying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission from
the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose
ofbeing entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser
ofthe work.
Permission for books published in Europe: [email protected]
Permissions for books published in the United States of America: [email protected]
Printed on acid~free paper.
Image: Scanning-electron micrograph of a split-gate quantum dot. The white spacer bar at the
bottom of the image denotes a distance of 1 micron. Image provided courtesy of: Dr. Y. Takagaki,
Paul-Drtide Institute, Germany.
To Hinako and Jack
For giving so much, while often getting so little back
Contents
1 Interactions, Spins and the Kondo Effect in Quantum-Dot Systems 1
S. Tarucha, K. Ono, T. Fujisawa, W. G. Van der Wiel, and
L. P. Kouwenhoven
Introduction
2 Atom-Like Properties of Electrons Confined in a Quantum Dot 3
3 Tunable Spin States with Magnetic Field II
4 Spin Blockade in Single Electron Tunneling 15
5 Energy Relaxation with and Without Spin-Flip 21
6 The Kondo Effect in Quantum Dots 29
7 Summary 38
2 Microwave Spectroscopy on Single and Coupled Quantum Dots 43
R. H. Blick, A. W. Holleitner, and H. Qin
Introduction 43
2 Aspects of Fabrication 44
3 Measurement Techniques 45
4 Coherent Modes in Quantum Dots 50
5 Photon Assisted Tunneling in Quantum Dots 57
6 Dynamic Response of Single Quantum Dots 69
7 The On-Chip Spectrometer 76
8 Non-Linear Transmission-Lines for Probing Single Dots 77
9 Summary 83
3 Nano-Spintronics with Lateral Quantum Dots 87
A. Sachrajda, P. Hawrylak, and M. Ciorga
Introduction 87
2 Theoretical Framework 88
3 Experimental Devices and Techniques 92
4 Spin-Polarized Injection and Detection 97
5 Coulomb and Spin Blockade Spectrum 98
6 The First Few Electrons 100
7 The v = 2 Regime 104
8 The Spin Flip Regime III
9 Negative Differential Resistance Achieved by Spin Blockade 116
10 Conclusions 119
Vlll Contents
4 Novel Phenomena in Small Individual and Coupled Quantum Dots 123
A. M. Chang, H. Jeong, and M. R. Melloch
I Introduction 123
2 Models of Single and Double Quantum Dot Systems 125
3 Non-Gaussian Distribution of Coulomb Blockade Peak Heights in
Individual Quantum Dots: Porter-Thomas Distribution of Resonance
Widths 134
4 Spin and Pairing Effects in Ultra-Small Dots 140
5 Coupling between Two Dots and Leads-Coherent Many-Body
Kondo States 146
6 Other Ultra-Small Devices and Phenomena 153
5 Classical and Quantum Transport in Antidot Arrays 159
D. Weiss, K. Richter, and J. Eroms
Introduction 159
2 Antidot Arrays 161
3 Early Experiments and Pinball Model 162
4 Chaotic Dynamics in Antidot Lattices 167
5 Quantum Effects in Antidot Arrays 173
6 Random Antidot Arrays 182
7 Finite Antidot Lattices 185
8 InAs Based Arrays 188
9 Other Experiments 197
6 On the Influence of Resonant States on Ballistic Transport in Open
Quantum Dots: Spectroscopy and Tunneling in the Presence of
Multiple Conducting Channels 209
R. Akis, 1. P. Bird, D. Vasileska, D. K. Ferry, A. P. S. de Moura, and
y-c. Lai
I Introduction 209
2 Some Comments about Semiclassical Theories and their Underlying
Assumptions 212
3 The Method of Calculation Used Primarily in this Work: A Fully
Quantum Mechanical Treatment 216
4 Conductance Resonances in Open Dots 222
5 The Correspondence Between Conductance Resonances in Open
Dots and Closed Dot Eigenstates 234
6 The Effect of Finite Temperature and Ensemble Averaging 244
7 Direct Comparisons of Theory with Experiment 257
8 An Alternate Semiclassical Interpretation of Transport in Open
Quantum Dots: Dynamical Tunneling 266
9 Summary 271
10 Acknowledgment 272
Contents ix
7 A Review of Fractal Conductance Fluctuations in Ballistic
Semiconductor Devices 277
R. Taylor, R. Newbury, A. Micolich, M. Fromhold, H. Linke,
O. Davies, T. Martin, and C. Marlow
I Introduction 277
2 The Semiconductor Sinai Billiard: Can Chaos be
Controlled with the "Flick of a Switch?" 280
3 The Experimental Observation of Exact Self-Affinity 283
4 The Interpretation of Exact Self-Affinity 288
5 The Observation of Statistical Self-Affinity 293
6 The Classical to Quantum Transition: How do Fractals "Disappear?" 298
7 The Role Played by the Billiard Walls 305
8 Conclusions 309
8 Electron Ratchets-Nonlinear Transport in Semiconductor
Dot and Antidot Structures 317
H. Linke and A. M. Song
Introduction 317
2 Non-Linear Rectification in the Quantum Regime 320
3 Nonlinear Transport in Antidot Structures 336
4 Outlook 353
9 Single-Photon Detection with Quantum Dots in the
Far-InfraredlSubmillimeter-Wave Range 363
O. Astafiev and S. Komiyama
I Introduction 363
2 Fundamental Characteristics of the SET 364
3 Designing a Single-Photon Detector 366
4 Detection in Magnetic Fields 367
5 Detection in the Absence of Magnetic Field 387
6 Detector Performance 392
7 Conclusion 393
10 Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata 397
C. S. Lent, O. L. Snider, O. Bernstein, W. Porod, A. Orlov,
M. Lieberman, T. Fehlner, M. Niemier, and P. Kogge
Introduction 397
2 The Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Paradigm 399
3 Experimental Demonstrations of QCA: Metal-Dot Systems 401
4 Molecular QCA 411
5 Architecture for QCA 417
6 Magnetic QCA 421
x Contents
11 Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoscale Spin-Electronics 433
B. Alphenaar, S. Chakraborty, and K. Tsukagoshi
I Introduction 433
2 Spin Transport in Carbon Nanotubes 438
3 Conclusions 453
List of Contributors
R. Akis Sususmu Komiyama
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Basic Science,
and Center for Solid-State Electronics University of Tokyo,
Research, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 153-8902, Japan
85287-6206, USA Email:
Fax: [phone] [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
Craig S. Lent
Bruce Alphenaar Department of Electrical Engineering,
Department of Electrical and University of Notre Dame,
Computer Engineering, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
409 Lutz Hall, Email: [email protected]
University of Louisville, Louisville,
KY 40292, USA Heiner Linke
Tel: [phone] Department of Physics,
Fax: [phone] University of Oregon,
Email: [email protected] Eugene, OR 97403-1274, USA
Tel: [phone]
Robert H. Blick Fax: [phone]
Department of Electrical and Email: [email protected]
Computer Engineering,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Andy Sachrajda
1415 Engineering Drive, Bldg. M-23A, Rm. 156, Institute for
Madison, WI 53706, USA Microstructural Sciences,
Tel: [phone] National Research Council of
Email: [email protected] Canada, 1191 Montreal Rd.,
Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6, Canada
Tel: [phone]
A. M. Chang*
Fax: [phone] I
Physics Department, Purdue
Email: [email protected]
University, 525 Northwestern Ave.,
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2036, USA s. Tarucha
Tel: [phone]
Department of Physics, University of
Fax: [phone]
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo,
Email: [email protected].
edu
*Effective August 1,2003, new address win be Department of Physics, Duke University,
Durham, NC 27708, USA. Email: [email protected]