Table Of ContentParticle Acceleration and Detection
Vladimir D. Shiltsev
Electron
Lenses for
Super-
Colliders
Electron Lenses for Super-Colliders
Particle Acceleration and Detection
springer.com
The series Particle Acceleration and Detection is devoted to monograph texts
dealing with all aspects of particle acceleration and detection research and
advanced teaching. The scope also includes topics such as beam physics and
instrumentation as well as applications. Presentations should strongly emphasise
the underlying physical and engineering sciences. Of particular interest are
(cid:129) contributionswhichrelatefundamentalresearchtonewapplicationsbeyond
theimmeadiaterealmoftheoriginalfieldofresearch
(cid:129) contributions which connect fundamental research in the aforementionned
fieldstofundamentalresearchinrelatedphysicalorengineeringsciences
(cid:129) conciseaccountsofnewlyemergingimportanttopicsthatareembeddedina
broaderframeworkinordertoprovidequickbutreadableaccessofverynew
materialtoalargeraudience.
Thebooksformingthiscollectionwillbeofimportanceforgraduatestudentsand
activeresearchersalike.
SeriesEditors:
AlexanderChao
SLAC
2575SandHillRoad
MenloPark,CA94025
USA
ChristianW.Fabjan
CERN
PPEDivision
1211Gene`ve23
Switzerland
FrankZimmermann
CERN
SL-Division
APGroup
1211Gene`ve23
Switzerland
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5267
Vladimir D. Shiltsev
Electron Lenses
for Super-Colliders
VladimirD.Shiltsev
AcceleratorPhysicsCenter
FermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratory
Batavia,IL,USA
ISSN1611-1052
ParticleAccelerationandDetection
ISBN978-1-4939-3315-0 ISBN978-1-4939-3317-4 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-3317-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015953777
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2016
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.
Printedonacid-freepaper
Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media
(www.springer.com)
This book is dedicated to the memories
of Gennady F. Kuznetsov (1938–2011)
and David Wildman (1950–2014)—
our late colleagues, who made possible
the first Tevatron electron lenses and,
thus, this book.
Preface
Theintentofthisbookistogiveacomprehensiveoverviewoftheelectronlenses—
anovelinstrumentforhigh-energyparticleaccelerators,particularlyfortheenergy-
frontiersuperconductinghadroncolliders(whichareoftencalled“supercolliders”).
Threesuchcolliderswerebuilt—theTevatronatFermilab, theRelativistic Heavy
IonCollideratBNL,andtheLargeHadronCollideratCERN—andeachofthese
machines represents an epoch in particle physics research. While construction of
the87-km-longSuperconductingSuperColliderinTexaswasterminatedin1993,
conceptsofevenlargerproton-protoncollidersarebeingactivelydevelopednowin
China,Europe,andintheUSA.Thesupercollidersarearguablythemostcomplex
research instruments ever built, and they are widely recognized for many techno-
logical breakthroughs and numerous physics discoveries. Their complexity and
typicallyveryhighcost,callforsuperbperformanceandhighluminosityofthese
machines as much is desired in the return on the investment. As the result, many
advances in accelerator physics and technology have been implemented at the
supercolliders,includingtheelectronlenses—thesubjectofthisbook.Theelectron
lenses have been proposed and employed for compensation of the beam-beam
effects and for collimation of the high-energy high-intensity beams. Also, the use
of the electron lenses for compensation of the space-charge effects and other
accelerator applications is being actively pursued both theoretically and
experimentally.
Inthisbook,Icoherentlydescribethetechnologyandthephysicsoftheelectron
lenses for high-energy hadron colliders and present theoretical and experimental
works to date in uniform fashion. Throughout the text, I use the same symbol
definitions and provide references which are readily available for the reader. For
example, all the references to the proceedings of the International, European, and
IEEE article accelerator conferences (PACs) can be found at JACOW website
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/. All cited Fermilab technical publications
are available at inSPIRE http://inspirehep.net/. Many articles from leading accel-
erator science and technology open-access journals, such as Physical Review
SpecialTopics:AcceleratorsandBeams(PRST-AB)http://journals.aps.org/prstab/
vii
viii Preface
and Journal of Instrumentation (JINST) http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/, are
citedthroughoutthebook.
InChap.1,Ioutlinethebasicsofthecollidingbeamstechnique,abriefhistory
ofthehadronsuperconductingsupercolliders,mainbeamdynamicschallengesthey
confront, and an overview of the electron lens method and its applications to
address the issues on the way to high performance of such accelerators. The
technology of the electron lenses—from subsystems to beam diagnostics and
integration—is presented inChap. 2, with the Tevatron and RHIC electron lenses
used for illustration. Other chapters are devoted to specific applications of the
electron lenses, such as for compensation of the head-on and long-range beam-
beam effects (Chap. 3), for beam halo collimation (Chap. 4), and for the space-
chargecompensationandotherproposeduses(Chap.5).
About a hundred scientists and engineers were involved in the development of
theelectronlenses,theirconstructionandinstallation,experimentalbeamstudies,
operations, analysis, and upgrades. These efforts span almost two decades and
many leading accelerator centers including Fermilab, BNL, ORNL, ERN, JINR
(Dubna), Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, and IHEP (Protvino), and to them
many thanks are due. Two of our late colleagues deserve special appreciation:
Gennady F. Kuznetsov (1938–2011) and David Wildman (1950–2014), both of
Fermilab,wholedthedesignanddevelopmentofthefirstTevatronelectronlenses
beinginchargeoftheelectromechanicalsystemintegrationandhigh-powerpulsed
HVsystems,respectively.Thisbookisdedicatedtotheirmemory.
Finally,IwouldespeciallyliketothankDr.FrankZimmermannofCERNforhis
encouragement to write and publish this book in the Particle Acceleration and
Detection series, Margaret Bruce for careful reading of the manuscript, and
Springer’seditorialteamfortheirpatienceandvaluablehelp.
Batavia,IL,USA VladimirD.Shiltsev
July2015
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 CollidingBeams.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 1
1.2 LuminosityandBeamDynamicsIssuesinHadron
Supercolliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Beam-BeamandOtherEffectsDuetoCollisions. . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 SingleBeamIssuesinHadronColliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 OverviewoftheElectronLensTechnique
andItsApplicationsinSupercolliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 TechnologyofElectronLenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 MajorRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 GeneralConsiderationsandSpecifications
ontheElectronLensSubsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 ElectronBeamConsiderations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.2 SideEffectsonHighEnergyBeams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 PracticalImplementationofElectronLenses
intheTevatronandRHIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3.1 MagneticandCryogenicSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3.2 ElectronBeamSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3.3 BeamDiagnosticsandOtherSub-systems. . . . . . . . . .. . . 76
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3 ElectronLensesforBeam-BeamCompensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1 CompensationofLong-RangeBeam-BeamEffects. . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1.1 SpecificRequirementsfortheLong-Range
Beam-BeamCompensationintheTevatronCollider. . . . . 85
3.1.2 InitialExperimentalCharacterizations
oftheElectronLensEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
ix
