Table Of ContentElectromagnetic
Reverberation Chambers
Relatedtitlesonelectromagneticwaves:
DielectricResonators,2ndEditionKajfezandGuillon
ElectronicApplicationsoftheSmithChartSmith
FiberOpticTechnologyJha
FilteringintheTimeandFrequencyDomainsBlinchikoffandZverev
HFFilterDesignandComputerSimulationRhea
HFRadioSystemsandCircuitsSabin
MicrowaveField-EffectTransistors:Theory,designandapplication,3rdEditionPengelly
MicrowaveSemiconductorEngineeringWhite
MicrowaveTransmissionLineImpedanceDataGunston
OpticalFibersandRF:AnaturalcombinationRomeiser
OscillatorDesignandComputerSimulationRhea
Radio-ElectronicTransmissionFundamentals,2ndEditionGriffith,Jr
RFandMicrowaveModelingandMeasurementTechniquesforFieldEffect
TransistorsGao
RFPowerAmplifiersAlbulet
SmallSignalMicrowaveAmplifierDesignGrosch
SmallSignalMicrowaveAmplifierDesign:SolutionsGrosch
2008+SolvedProblemsinElectromagneticsNasar
Antennas:Fundamentals,design,measurement,3rdEditionBlakeandLong
DesigningElectronicSystemsforEMCDuff
ElectromagneticMeasurementsintheNearField,2ndEditionBienkowskiandTrzaska
FundamentalsofElectromagneticswithMATLAB®,2ndEditionLonngrenetal.
FundamentalsofWavePhenomena,2ndEditionHiroseandLonngren
IntegralEquationMethodsforElectromagneticsVolakisandSertel
IntroductiontoAdaptiveArrays,2ndEditionMonzingoetal.
MicrostripandPrintedAntennaDesign,2ndEditionBancroft
NumericalMethodsforEngineering:AnintroductionusingMATLAB®and
computationalelectromagneticsWarnick
ReturnoftheEtherDeutsch
TheFiniteDifferenceTimeDomainMethodforElectromagnetics:WithMATLAB®
simulationsElsherbeniandDemir
TheoryofEdgeDiffractioninElectromagneticsUfimtsev
ScatteringofWedgesandConeswithImpedanceBoundaryConditionsLyalinovandZhu
CircuitModelingforElectromagneticCompatibilityDarney
TheWiener–HopfMethodinElectromagneticsDanieleandZich
MicrowaveandRFDesign:Asystemsapproach,2ndEditionSteer
SpectrumandNetworkMeasurements,2ndEditionWitte
EMITroubleshootingCookbookforProductDesignersAndreandWyatt
TransmissionLineTransformersMackandSevick
ElectromagneticFieldStandardsandExposureSystemsGrudzinskiandTrzaska
PracticalCommunicationTheory,2ndEditionAdamy
ComplexSpaceSourceTheoryofSpatiallyLocalizedElectromagneticWavesSeshadri
ElectromagneticCompatibilityPocketGuide:KeyEMCfacts,equationsanddataWyatt
andJost
AntennaAnalysisandDesignUsingFEKOElectromagneticSimulationSoftware
Elsherbeni,NayeriandReddy
ScatteringofElectromagneticWavesbyObstaclesKristensson
AdjointSensitivityAnalysisofHighFrequencyStructureswithMATLAB®Bakr,
ElsherbeniandDemir
DevelopmentsinAntennaAnalysisandSynthesisVol.1andVol.2Mittra
AdvancesinPlanarFiltersDesignHong
Post-ProcessingTechniquesinAntennaMeasurementCastañerandFoged
Nano-ElectromagneticCommunicationatTerahertzandOpticalFrequencies:Principles
andapplicationsAlomainy,Yang,Imran,YaoandAbbasi
Nanoantennas and Plasmonics: Modelling, design and fabrication Werner, Campbell
andKang
Electromagnetic
Reverberation Chambers
Recent advances and innovative applications
Edited by
Guillaume Andrieu
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
PublishedbySciTechPublishing,animprintofTheInstitutionofEngineeringand
Technology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityin
England&Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
©TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2021
Firstpublished2020
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued
bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose
termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress:
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
MichaelFaradayHouse
SixHillsWay,Stevenage
Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom
www.theiet.org
Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis
workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgmentwhenmaking
useofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany
lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror
omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliability
isdisclaimed.
Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen
assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-78561-931-1(hardback)
ISBN978-1-78561-932-8(PDF)
TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited
PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon
CoverimagedesignedbyDrGuillaumeAndrieu
Contents
Abouttheeditor xi
Introduction 1
GuillaumeAndrieu
I.1 Motivationandgoal 1
I.2 Organization 2
I.3 Usage 4
References 5
1 Performanceofreverberationchambersusingthe“well-stirred
conditionmethod” 7
GuillaumeAndrieu
1.1 Thewell-stirredconditionmethod 8
1.1.1 Definitionofthewell-stirredconditionofanRC 8
1.1.2 Principleofthemethod 9
1.1.3 Requiredexperimentalsetup(foramechanically
stirredRC) 10
1.1.4 OnS measurementsinRC 10
11
1.1.5 AnalysisoftheEMfielddistributions 13
1.1.6 Analysisofthesamplecorrelation 15
1.1.7 Determinationoff 20
wsc
1.2 Detailedanalysisofthemethodperformance 20
1.2.1 Descriptionofthemeasurements 20
1.2.2 Sensitivityofthemethodrelatedtotheantennaposition
andorientation 21
1.2.3 Sensitivityofthemethodrelatedtotheantennatype 26
1.2.4 Ontheuncertaintyofthemethodrelatedtothe
PCFprocess 28
1.2.5 OntheeffectofaheavilylossyEUT 30
1.3 Examplesofparametricanalysis 31
1.3.1 Determinationofthe“optimalloading” 33
1.3.2 Effectofthenumberofmetallicbladesofamodestirrer 34
1.4 Analternativecalibrationprocedure 36
1.5 Conclusion 41
References 41
vi ElectromagneticReverberationChambers
2 Reviewofthestirringtechniquesproposedinthe
literature–performanceassessmentofthemostcommon
onesusingthewell-stirredconditionmethod 45
GuillaumeAndrieu
2.1 Mechanicalstirringtechniques 46
2.1.1 Overview 46
2.1.2 Dual-modestirrer 47
2.1.3 Referenceresults 48
2.2 Sourcesignalstirringtechniques 49
2.2.1 Thefrequencysteppingstirringtechnique 50
2.2.2 Variants 61
2.3 Sourcepositionstirringtechniques 63
2.3.1 Movingantennastirringtechnique 63
2.3.2 Antennanetworkstirringtechnique 67
2.3.3 Hybridstirringtechniquecombiningmultipleantennas
andfrequencystepping 68
2.4 Othermodestirringtechniques 75
2.4.1 Reactivelyloadedantennastirringtechnique 75
2.4.2 Switchedstirredreverberationchamber 75
2.5 Conclusion 76
References 77
3 Frequencyandtime-domainperformanceassessmentofvibrating
intrinsicreverberationchambers 81
GuillaumeAndrieu
3.1 DescriptionoftheVIRCused 82
3.1.1 Generalcharacteristics 82
3.1.2 Stirringstrategy 83
3.1.3 Q-factorandaveragemodebandwidth(cid:2) 85
f
3.2 Frequency-domaincharacterization 86
3.3 Time-domaincharacterization 92
3.3.1 Decorrelationtimeanddetectionofperiodicity 92
3.3.2 Rayleighdistributioninthetime-domain 94
3.3.3 Discussion 96
3.4 Conclusion 98
References 99
4 Probabilistic model about the influence of the number of stirring
conditionsconsideredduringaradiatedsusceptibilitytest 101
GuillaumeAndrieu
4.1 AboutRStestsinRC 102
4.1.1 PrincipleofanRStest 102
4.1.2 Valuesofnrecommendedbythestandard 103
Contents vii
4.1.3 EMfielddistributionsina“wellstirred”RC 103
4.1.4 OnthechoiceofthemetricrepresentingtheEMfield
strength 104
4.2 Descriptionoftheprobabilisticmodel 106
4.2.1 Assumptionsanddefinitions 106
4.2.2 Uncertaintyontheestimationof(cid:2)|E |(cid:3)s 106
T m
4.2.3 DemonstrationofthemethodapplicabilityforanyEUT 108
4.2.4 Computationoftheriskr 109
4.2.5 Experimentalresults 111
4.3 Overtesting 116
4.3.1 Principle 116
4.3.2 Exampleofnumericalresults 117
4.3.3 Atwo-stepapproachusingovertesting 118
4.4 DeterminationoftheminimumsusceptibilityleveloftheEUT
(afterasuccessfultest) 119
4.5 Conclusion 120
References 121
5 Over-the-airtestingofwirelessdevicesinheavilyloaded
reverberationchambers 123
KateA.Remley,Chih-MingWangandRobertD.Horansky
5.1 ChambercharacterizationforOTAtests 125
5.1.1 Configuringareverberationchamberforwirelessdevice
testing 127
5.1.2 Distributionofmode-stirringsamplesinloadedchambers 131
5.1.3 Coherencebandwidth 135
5.1.4 Spatialcorrelationandthemode-stirringsequence 139
5.1.5 Lackofspatialuniformityduetoloading 144
5.1.6 Isotropyforloadedchambers 146
5.1.7 K-factor 149
5.1.8 Chambercharacterization:asummary 150
5.2 Over-the-airtestsforradiatedpowerandreceiversensitivity 151
5.2.1 Totalradiatedpower 151
5.2.2 Totalisotropicsensitivity 152
5.3 ReplicatingspecificmultipathchannelsforOTAtest 156
5.3.1 Highlyreflectivepowerdelayprofiles 157
5.3.2 Longerpowerdelayprofiles 158
5.3.3 Emulatingspatialchannels 158
5.4 UncertaintyinOTAmeasurementswithheavilyloaded
reverberationchambers 160
5.4.1 Numberofsamplesvs.spatialuniformity:which
uncertaintymechanismdominates? 160
5.4.2 Relativeuncertaintyduetothetypeofstirring
mechanisms 162
viii ElectromagneticReverberationChambers
5.4.3 UncertaintyduetodifferenceinreferenceandDUT
antennas 164
5.4.4 Combinedandexpandeduncertainties 167
5.5 Conclusion 168
5.6 Acknowledgments 169
References 169
6 Frommaterialabsorptiontodosimetryforexposureofanimalsin
reverberationchambers 175
PhilippeBesnier
6.1 LossesandQ-factor 176
6.1.1 RoleoflossesinaRC 176
6.1.2 DefinitionoftheQ-factor 177
6.1.3 OriginoflossesandtheircontributiontotheQ-factor 178
6.1.4 Q-Factormeasurements 179
6.2 TheaverageabsorptioneffectiveareaofanobjectinaRC 186
6.2.1 TheQ-factorofanobjectinaRCanditsaverage
absorptioncrosssection 186
6.2.2 Theoreticalabsorbingcrosssectionofarectangularpiece
ofabsorbingmaterial 187
6.2.3 Measurementexamples 189
6.3 Dosimetryforanimals 191
6.3.1 UsingRCforanimalexposure 191
6.3.2 TheoryaboutheattransferinaRC 193
6.3.3 Experimentalvalidation 199
6.4 Discussion 200
References 201
7 Characterizationofantennaefficiencyinreverberationchambers 205
WeiXueandXiaomingChen
7.1 Antennaradiationefficiencymeasurementmethods 206
7.1.1 Standardreferenceantennamethod 206
7.1.2 One-antennamethod 208
7.1.3 Two-antennamethod 212
7.1.4 Three-antennamethod 214
7.1.5 Timereversalmethod 216
7.1.6 Discussiononantennaefficiencymeasurementmethods 221
7.2 Statisticalanalysisofantennaefficiencymeasurementuncertainty 224
7.2.1 Statisticsofmeasuredantennaefficiency 225
7.2.2 Simulations 228
7.2.3 Measurements 229
7.3 Conclusion 235
References 235
Contents ix
8 Characterizationofantennaradiationpatternin
reverberatingenclosures 239
GuillaumeAndrieu
8.1 K-factormethod 240
8.2 Dopplerspectrummethod 242
8.3 Time-gatingmethod 245
8.3.1 Principleofthemethod 245
8.3.2 Exampleofresults 247
8.4 Comparisonofthemethods 256
References 258
9 Radarcross-sectionestimationinreverberationchambers 261
PhilippeBesnier
9.1 Definitionofradarcrosssectionandtheradarequation 262
9.2 Radarcross-sectionmeasurements 264
9.3 Scatteredcrosssectionandantennapatternsinreverberation
chambers 264
9.4 Theoryofradarcross-sectionpatternmeasurementsin
reverberationchambers 266
9.4.1 Measurementsetup 267
9.4.2 BackscatteredfieldinanemptyRC 268
9.4.3 Backscatteredfieldfromthetarget 269
9.4.4 Thebackscatteredcoefficient 269
9.4.5 RCSequationofthetarget 270
9.4.6 ExtractionofRCS 271
9.5 Validationonsimpletargets 274
9.5.1 Preliminarymeasurementsinanechoicchamber 274
9.5.2 CalibrationinRC 276
9.5.3 Measurementofthemetalplate 277
9.5.4 Measurementofadihedraltarget 278
9.5.5 Theroleofthestirrer 278
9.6 Discussion 282
References 283
Conclusion 285
GuillaumeAndrieu
C.1 OTAtestfornewprotocols 285
C.2 “Anechoic”measurements 285
C.3 Chaoticcavities 286
C.4 VIRCs 287
C.5 FutureEMCstrategyinthetransportationindustries 288
Index 289
