Electromagnetic Analysis and Condition Monitoring of Synchronous Generators

707 Pages·2022·42.424 MB·English

by  Jawad Faiz, Hossein Ehya

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ElectromagneticAnalysisandConditionMonitoringofSynchronousGenerators
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Electromagnetic Analysis and Condition Monitoring of
Synchronous Generators
Hossein Ehya and Jawad Faiz
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Copyright©2023byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Names:Ehya,Hossein,author.|Faiz,Jawad,author.|JohnWiley&Sons,
publisher.
Title:Electromagneticanalysisandconditionmonitoringofsynchronous
generators/HosseinEhya,JawadFaiz.
Description:Hoboken,NewJersey:Wiley,[2023]|Publicationdatefrom
ECIPdataview.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2022043335(print)|LCCN2022043336(ebook)|ISBN
9781119636076(hardback)|ISBN9781119636137(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119636168(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Electricmachinery–Monitoring.|Synchronousgenerators.
Classification:LCCTK2313.F352023(print)|LCCTK2313(ebook)|DDC
621.31/34–dc23/eng/20221017
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022043335
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022043336
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CoverImage:©MaciejBledowski/Shutterstock
Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India
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v
Contents
AuthorBiographies xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 IntroductiontoConditionMonitoringofElectricMachines 1
1.2 ImportanceofSynchronousGenerators 2
1.3 EconomicAspectsandAdvantages 3
1.4 IntentionoftheBook 3
References 6
(cid:2) 2 OperationPrinciples,Structure,andDesignofSynchronousGenerators 9 (cid:2)
2.1 Introduction 9
2.1.1 RotatingMagneticFieldofaThree-PhaseSynchronousMachine 10
2.2 HistoryofSynchronousGenerators 11
2.2.1 AdvancementHistoryofSynchronousGenerators 11
2.2.1.1 UptotheYear1970 11
2.2.1.2 Changesinthe1970s 13
2.2.1.3 Developmentsinthe1980s 14
2.2.1.4 Developmentsinthe1990s 15
2.2.1.5 DevelopmentsAfter2000 16
2.3 TypesandConstructionsofSynchronousMachines 17
2.3.1 Non-salientorRoundRotor 17
2.3.2 Salient-PoleRotor 20
2.3.3 SynchronousGeneratorswithDifferentFieldLocations 22
2.3.4 DifferentSchemesofExcitationSystemsforSynchronousGenerators 23
2.3.4.1 DCExcitation 23
2.3.4.2 StaticExcitationSystem 23
2.3.4.3 BrushlessExcitationSystem 24
2.4 VoltageEquationandRatedPoweroftheSynchronousGenerator 25
2.5 SynchronousGeneratorModelParameters 26
2.6 DifferentOperatingModesofSynchronousMachines 26
2.7 DamperBarsinSynchronousGenerators 27
2.8 LossesandEfficiencyinSynchronousGenerators 27
2.9 High-VoltageSynchronousGenerators 29
2.10 PreliminaryDesignConsiderations 30
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2.10.1 OutputEquations 31
2.10.2 SelectingSpecificMagneticLoading 31
2.10.3 SelectingSpecificElectricLoading 32
2.10.4 RelationshipbetweenLandD 33
2.10.4.1 Salient-PoleGenerators 33
2.10.4.2 Turbo-generators 33
2.10.4.3 ShortCircuitRatio 33
2.10.5 AirGapLength 34
2.11 StatorDesignConsiderations 34
2.11.1 StatorCoreOuterDiameter 35
2.11.2 LeakageReactance 35
2.11.3 StatorWinding 37
2.11.3.1 Double-LayerWinding 37
2.11.3.2 StatorWindingResistance 38
2.11.3.3 EddyCurrentLossesinConductors 38
2.11.3.4 EddyCurrentLossEstimation 38
2.11.3.5 NumberofSlots 39
2.11.3.6 NumberofTurnsperPhase 40
2.11.3.7 ConductorCross-section 40
2.11.3.8 Single-turnBarWinding 41
2.11.3.9 Multi-turnWindings 42
2.11.3.10 StatorWindingTypeComparison 42
(cid:2) 2.11.3.11 WindingandSlotInsulation 42 (cid:2)
2.11.3.12 StatorSlotDimensions 43
2.11.4 RotorDesignofaSalientPoleSynchronousGenerator 44
2.11.4.1 PoleShape 44
2.11.4.2 PoleDimensions 45
2.11.4.3 CopperLossesofFieldWindings 46
2.11.4.4 RotorCoreDepth 47
2.11.4.5 Ampere-TurnsoftheNo-LoadField 47
2.11.5 DesignoftheRotorofRound-RotorSynchronousGenerators 48
2.11.6 RotorWindingDesign 48
2.11.7 SynchronousGeneratorExcitationSystemDesignIssues 49
2.12 Summary 51
References 51
3 TransformedModelsandParameterIdentificationofSynchronous
Generators 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Multi-PhaseSynchronousGeneratorModelingBasedonParkEquations 57
3.2.1 Two-PhaseSynchronousGenerators 59
3.2.2 Three-PhaseSynchronousGenerators 63
3.2.3 Six-PhaseSynchronousGenerators 66
3.3 MathematicalModeling 68
3.3.1 OptimalObserverwithKalmanFilters 71
3.4 ParameterEstimationAlgorithms 71
3.4.1 OfflineParameterEstimationTechniques 72
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3.4.1.1 FrequencyDomain-BasedMethods 73
3.4.1.2 TimeDomain-BasedMethods 73
3.4.1.3 FiniteElementMethods 74
3.4.1.4 AnExampleofOfflineParameterEstimationUsingtheDCStandstillTest 74
3.4.2 OnlineParameterEstimationTechniques 76
3.4.2.1 NumericalMethods 77
3.4.2.2 Observer-BasedMethods 78
3.4.2.3 ArtificialIntelligence(AI)-BasedMethods 79
3.4.2.4 AnExampleofOnlineParameterEstimationUsingtheAffineProjection
Algorithm 79
3.5 ParameterAccuracyIncrementsbyConsideringSaturation 80
3.6 FaultDetectionBasedonParameterDeviation 82
3.6.1 PrincipleoftheMethod 82
3.7 Summary 84
References 84
4 IntroductiontoDifferentTypesofFaultsinSynchronousGenerators 89
4.1 ReasonsforConditionMonitoringofSynchronousGenerators 89
4.2 DifferentFaultsinSynchronousGenerators 90
4.3 MainFactorsLeadingtoElectricalMachineDamage 91
4.4 MajorDestructionFactorsofStatorWinding 92
4.4.1 ThermalStress 93
(cid:2) 4.4.2 ElectricalStress 95 (cid:2)
4.4.3 MechanicalStresses 96
4.4.4 AmbientStress 97
4.5 CommonFaultsinStatorWinding 97
4.6 RotorFieldWindingFault 99
4.7 EccentricityFaults 100
4.8 MisalignmentFaults 101
4.9 DamperWindingFault 102
4.10 Summary 104
References 105
5 LaboratoryScaleImplementation 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 SalientPoleSynchronousGenerator 110
5.3 InductionMotor 113
5.4 Gearbox 114
5.5 Converter 115
5.6 RotorMagnetizationUnit 115
5.7 DCPowerSupply 118
5.8 LocalPassiveLoad 119
5.9 Sensors 119
5.9.1 Hall-EffectSensors 121
5.9.2 SearchCoil 125
5.9.3 Accelerometer 127
5.9.4 VoltageTransformer 129
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5.9.5 CurrentTransformer 130
5.10 DataAcquisition 131
5.11 FaultImplementation 134
5.11.1 StatorShortCircuitFault 134
5.11.2 Inter-TurnShortCircuitFaultinaRotorFieldWinding 136
5.11.3 EccentricityFault 136
5.11.4 MisalignmentFault 138
5.11.5 BrokenDamperBarFault 138
5.12 NoiseConsiderations 139
5.13 Summary 140
References 141
6 AnalyticalModelingBasedonWaveandPermeanceMethod 143
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 EccentricityFaultDefinition 144
6.3 TheAirGapMagneticField 146
6.4 TheElectromotiveForceinStatorTerminals 149
6.5 TheStatorCurrent 151
6.6 ForceDensityandUnbalancedMagneticPull 153
6.7 StatorSlottingEffects 155
6.8 MagneticSaturationEffects 156
6.9 TheMixedEccentricityFault 156
(cid:2) 6.10 TheAirGapMagneticField 158 (cid:2)
6.11 InducedElectromotiveForceinStatorTerminals 160
6.12 ForceDensityandUnbalancedMagneticPull 161
6.13 ShortCircuitModeling 167
6.14 AirGapPermeanceUnderaShortCircuitFault 169
6.15 ForceDensityandUnbalancedMagneticPullunderaRotorInter-turnShortCircuit
Fault 170
6.16 Summary 171
References 171
7 AnalyticalModelingBasedonWindingFunctionMethods 173
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 HistoryandUsageoftheWFM 174
7.3 WindingFunctionModelingofaSynchronousGenerator 174
7.4 MutualInductanceCalculationBetweentheStatorPhases 177
7.4.1 TurnFunctionofWindingPhaseB 177
7.4.2 TheModifiedWindingFunctionofPhaseA 177
7.4.3 TheInverseAirGapFunction 178
7.5 TheMutualInductanceBetweentheStatorandRotor 182
7.5.1 TheMutualInductanceBetweentheStatorPhaseWindingandRotorField
Winding 182
7.5.2 TheMutualInductanceoftheStatorPhaseWindingandRotorDamperWinding 184
7.6 TheSelfInductanceoftheRotor 189
7.6.1 TheSelfInductanceoftheRotorFieldWinding 189
7.6.2 TheSelfInductanceoftheRotorDamperWinding 189
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